McCarthyism Weeding out Communist Threats or Saving...

What started with great potential as a revisionist look at the impacts of McCarthy’s red scare on the politics in the United States ended with a rudimentary analysis of the repercussions of a fabricated fear of communism. The article â€Å"McCarthyism: Political Repression and the Fear of Communism† denied overarching themes of the time period and focused on narrow attempts to place economic sanctions, infractions of civil rights, and national security as the reasons and outcomes of the fear of communism. While these themes are all supported with evidence, a neglect of analysis on the bigger picture leave the reader wondering if Ellen Schrecker, author of the article, is still living with the belief that over-critiquing US politics can land you in jail, tainted for life like a bruised apple. Preoccupied with the how’s of cold war repression the overarching why’s are barely brushed over let alone thoroughly discussed. Schreckers use of novice arguments as well as a lack of thorough analysis on points made proves a weak attempt to situate the impacts of political repression and communism in the United States and its actions abroad. Possible reasons for the absence of revised, more critical analysis desired in this research can be located in the biography of the author. Schrecker, born in 1938, is of the generation writing during the Cold War and after. Her research highlights her interest in writing this piece. An active member of ACLU she has also written extensively about

The Internet Piracy Free Essays

The Pirate Bay -Case Study 1. How does The Pirate Bay business make money? What is its business model? – The Pirate business makes their money by advertising using the â€Å"advertising revenue† as a business model. It’s a website works as a forum to advertise and receives fees from the advertiser. We will write a custom essay sample on The Internet Piracy or any similar topic only for you Order Now The more browsers the website has, the higher rates of the websites will charge and that’s what lead them to increase their revenue. 2. How do new â€Å"cloud-based† media sites and services make money? What is their business model? * It works through subscription fees by using the â€Å"subscription revenue† as business model. By this the website provides all content or services to their users to exchange for a subscription fee. The users will pay a fee based on what kind of service they want and for how long. 3. Is the record industry justified in attempting to shut down P2P file-sharing sites that make it possible to download copyrighted media? Why or why not? * Yes it is, since there are millions of dollars spent by record labels to produce albums and not to include the artist’s time and effort into creating music’s and movies for the audience. In my opinion, CD’s, DVD’s can be bit pricy during such difficult economic times, but it will not give people the right to steal. 4. Why might consumers prefer to pay for music from cloud-based sites rather than simply download music from P2P sites? * Because, they get benefits if having instant access of high quality track and videos without the hassle of P2P software download. The consumers don’t have to wait for hours for downloads or clutter their hard drives with file. How to cite The Internet Piracy, Essay examples

A Scourge of the Present Noncommunicable Diseases

Question: Describe about the Non-communicable diseases. Answer: Introduction Non-communicable (NCD) diseases are the chronic disease that lasts for a longer period and progress slowly. The purpose of this paper is to identify one such disease and describe various factors which are determinant for this disease. It will determine how these determinants react with each other for the prevalence of the condition in the particular area. It will relate the implications of these findings on a research project and how the project will be carried out. NCD are a non-infectious disease in which rapid death occurs. Some of the examples of NCDs are cancer, diabetes, kidney disease and others. It has been the leading cause of death worldwide. This paper will particularly discuss the prevalence of Type 2 Diabetes Mellitus worldwide. It is a long-term metabolic disorder in which blood sugar rises and impaired insulin secretion from pancreatic beta cells (Chen et al., 2012). It occurs mainly due to obesity and lack of physical activity. 90% of diabetes is Type II, and only 10 % diabetes case comprises Diabetes Mellitus Type I (Goren et al., 2016). In the year 2000 the prevalence of diabetes in all age and sex was 2.8%, but now it is predicted that by 2030 it will rise to 4.4%. The number of people with diabetes will rise from 2.8% in 2000 to 4.4% in 2030 (Lozano et al., 2013). Determinants of NCD The pattern of the disease differs from people to people. It is six times more common in South Asians and three times among African origin people. The socioeconomic determinants of the disease suggest that social disadvantage leads to the development of diabetes. It is proved by the prevalence of illness in low developed countries (Maier et al., 2013). This happens due to inequitable access to effective treatment and economic conditions leading to unhealthy choices. Poor people are also exposed to harmful products like tobacco and unhealthy food and limited access to health care service (Tabk et al., 2012). For example morbidity from diabetes is three times higher in poor people than in wealthy citizens in UK. Culture is also a factor as different culture has different eating habits. Eating a lot of carbohydrates and saturated fat increase weight and creates the risk of developing diabetes (Riekert et al., 2013). Physical activity is essential to reduce the chance of Type II diabetes . An overweight person having BMI of more than 25kg/m2 will have 60-80% more chance of developing the disease. The risk is determined by the age of onset, rate, and duration of weight gain (Herouvi et al., 2013). An Older person is at greater risk of the disease, but now it is prevalent in all age groups ranging from children to adult. The risk of Type 2 diabetes is also related to genetic factors like genetic heterogeneity, gene interaction and the role played by the environment. It also occurs due to family history of the disease in individuals. The complete sequence of human genome helps in evaluating genetic basis of the disease (Tuomi et al., 2014). Prevalence of diabetes in Europe This section will describe the prevalence of Type II diabetes in Europe. Europe has about 60 million people living with the disease. 10.3% men and 9.6 % women above the age of 25 years has the disease. The incidence of diabetes case is increasing in European region due to unhealthy diet and increase in overweight population. About 3.4 million people die from the disease every year. World Health Organization (WHO) has estimated that the number of death will double between 2002 to 2030 (Tamayo et al., 2014). For example, the Epidemiology of Diabetes Mellitus in children was determined by geographically-defined cases diagnosed in the child below 15 years (Patterson et al., 2012). Age is a risk factor for developing type 2 diabetes. Europe has a large number of the ageing population thus leading increase in diabetes cases. Europe has a number of people over 65 year's age, and so the co-morbidities have grown in the region (Guariguata et al., 2014). The ethnic difference also played a rol e in the prevalence of the disease. People lifestyle choices are influenced by socio-cultural and economic conditions. Globalization and urbanization also had an impact on Europe. Cheap fast food high in fat, salts and calories are highly available in European countries, and more people consumes this type of food leading to obesity. Obesity ultimately has the risk of causing the disease (Basch et al., 2013). High saturated fat intake was seen in Austria and Belgium. Urbanization increased option for different transport and reduced people's daily physical activities. All these factors promoted sedentary lifestyle and increase of morbidity of diabetes in Europe. More case was also seen due to health inequalities because of social deprivation due to poverty. This propelled the burden of the disease (Patterson et al., 2012). Implications in research project My research project is on the influence of teacher quality particularly on teacher dialectal influence on reading skills. It is about the impact of teachers cultural and language diversity on literacy skills in early years. The research is on the population of Kenya which has a culturally and linguistically diverse environment. The implication of the above information on this research is that the teacher could use their linguistic skills to spread the awareness of the disease in that region (Smith-Morris Epstein, 2014) Incidence of diabetes is growing thorough out the world. If teachers effectively communicate the ways to prevent the disease among children with cultural and linguistic background, then development of the disease in future may reduce. This learning in the early stage of children development will help them to understand the importance of their health and keep them healthy. Nowadays children are more are more addicted to electronic gadgets and social media. Thus the phy sical activity of children is reducing. They are not taking part in physical activity like the way they used to do earlier. So teacher could help in promoting maximum physical activity in children in schools. This will make them physically more active and healthy too. There can be awareness class on healthy eating habits and avoiding junk foods. The study of high prevalence rate in Europe showed that various social lifestyle factors contribute to the disease. The teacher could explain this incidence to children so that they maximize their physical activity. The more active they are in life, lesser is the chance of weight gain or obesity. As obesity is a major factor for the disease, so increased physical activity will help them in maintaining weight (Fellinger Holzinger, 2014).The study leads me to conclude that more people are getting the disease because the world population is shifting towards elder people and lifestyle expectancy is increasing. So if there awareness is started b y educating children early in their life, the increased number of incidence of diabetes could be reduced. Conclusion From the whole study, it can be summaries that non-communication disease is on the rise. This study about diabetes briefly describes the factors that were the determinants of type II diabetes. It gave data on the incidence of diabetes worldwide and specifically in Europe. It also analyzed the how the determinant factors of diabetes lead to the prevalence of the disease in Europe. It gave implication for future improvement and usefulness in the research project. Reference Basch, C. H., Samuel, L., Ethan, D. (2013). Obesity, diabetes and heart disease: effects of globalization on population health, preventive efforts, and the importance of social change.International Journal of Health Promotion and Education,51(4), 185-197. Chen, L., Magliano, D. J., Zimmet, P. Z. (2012). The worldwide epidemiology of type 2 diabetes mellituspresent and future perspectives.Nature Reviews Endocrinology,8(4), 228-236. Fellinger, J., Holzinger, D. (2014). Creating innovative clinical and service models for communication: Institut fuer Sinnes-und Sprachneurologie.Journal of Developmental Behavioral Pediatrics,35(2), 148-153. Goren, A., Strader, C., DiBonaventura, M. (2016). PREVALENCE AND HEALTH OUTCOMES ASSOCIATED WITH TYPES OF DIABETES COMPLICATIONS.Value in Health,19(3), A206-A207. Guariguata, L., Whiting, D. R., Hambleton, I., Beagley, J., Linnenkamp, U., Shaw, J. E. (2014). Global estimates of diabetes prevalence for 2013 and projections for 2035.Diabetes research and clinical practice,103(2), 137-149. Haas, L., Maryniuk, M., Beck, J., Cox, C. E., Duker, P., Edwards, L., ... McLaughlin, S. (2013). National standards for diabetes self-management education and support.Diabetes care,36(Supplement 1), S100-S108. Herouvi, D., Karanasios, E., Karayianni, C., Karavanaki, K. (2013). Cardiovascular disease in childhood: the role of obesity.European journal of pediatrics,172(6), 721-732. Lozano, R., Naghavi, M., Foreman, K., Lim, S., Shibuya, K., Aboyans, V., ... AlMazroa, M. A. (2013). Global and regional mortality from 235 causes of death for 20 age groups in 1990 and 2010: a systematic analysis for the Global Burden of Disease Study 2010.The Lancet,380(9859), 2095-2128. Maier, W., Holle, R., Hunger, M., Peters, A., Meisinger, C., Greiser, K. H., ... Bokhof, B. (2013). The impact of regional deprivation and individual socio economic status on the prevalence of Type 2 diabetes in Germany. A pooled analysis of five population based studies.Diabetic Medicine,30(3), e78-e86. Patterson, C. C., Gyrs, E., Rosenbauer, J., Cinek, O., Neu, A., Schober, E., ... Bingley, P. J. (2012). Trends in childhood type 1 diabetes incidence in Europe during 19892008: evidence of non-uniformity over time in rates of increase.Diabetologia,55(8), 2142-2147. Patterson, C. C., Gyrs, E., Rosenbauer, J., Cinek, O., Neu, A., Schober, E., ... Bingley, P. J. (2012). Trends in childhood type 1 diabetes incidence in Europe during 19892008: evidence of non-uniformity over time in rates of increase.Diabetologia,55(8), 2142-2147. Riekert, K. A., Ockene, J. K., Pbert, L. (Eds.). (2013).The handbook of health behavior change. Springer Publishing Company. Smith-Morris, C., Epstein, J. (2014). Beyond cultural competency: skill, reflexivity, and structure in successful tribal health care.American Indian Culture and Research Journal,38(1), 29-48. Tabk, A. G., Herder, C., Rathmann, W., Brunner, E. J., Kivimki, M. (2012). Prediabetes: a high-risk state for diabetes development.The Lancet,379(9833), 2279-2290. Tamayo, T., Rosenbauer, J., Wild, S. H., Spijkerman, A. M. W., Baan, C., Forouhi, N. G., ... Rathmann, W. (2014). Diabetes in Europe: an update.Diabetes research and clinical practice,103(2), 206-217. Tuomi, T., Santoro, N., Caprio, S., Cai, M., Weng, J., Groop, L. (2014). The many faces of diabetes: a disease with increasing heterogeneity.The Lancet,383(9922), 1084-1094.

Titubas Journey Essay Example For Students

Titubas Journey Essay Every person has a journey that they must travel throughout their life to help discover themselves and the world around them. In Maryse Condes I, Tituba, Black Witch of Salem, the character Tituba has a journey that takes her from Barbados to Boston and back to Barbados. At each stage of her journey she discovers something about herself and the society that she is in. The first stage in Titubas journey is in Barbados where she learns the secrets of healing and magic. Under Mama Yayas guidance, Tituba is taught these mystical powers which play an important role in how she sees herself. Tituba sees herself as a healer and wants to use her magical powers to help people. She states, I was born to heal, not to frighten (12). Tituba does not seem to understand why people would be scared of her. Tituba feels that she should be admired and revered, not feared. They should have greeted me with shouts of joy and welcome Tituba must be loved! To think that I scared people (12).Tituba discovers that she is willing to give up her freedom in order to be with the man she wants. She will have to live among white men again and that means they will govern her once more. Tituba knows this is a weakness on her behalf, but she cannot stop herself from wanting to be with John Indian. Even though white men have cause her parents deaths, she declares Despite all that, I was considering living among white men again, in their midst, under their domination. And all because of an uncontrollable desire for a mortal man. Wasnt it madness (19)? Tituba realizes that she is following her heart instead of her head, but she is defenseless when it comes to her feeling for John Indian. We will write a custom essay on Titubas Journey specifically for you for only $16.38 $13.9/page Order now Tituba finds that the society in Barbados is oppressive towards Blacks. The majority of Blacks are slaves and forced to adapted to the Europeans version of what they consider civilization. The blacks are treated like they do not exist. Tituba says, You would think I wasnt standing thereThey were talking about me and yet ignoring me. They were striking me off the map of human beings. I was a nonbeingTituba only existed insofar as these women let her exist (24). They had to convert to Christianity and were left with no identities of their own. The second stage of Titubas expedition is when she is in Boston. She discovers the hard lesson of not always trusting the people closest to you. Tituba grows very close to her new mistress Goodwife Parris and her daughter Betsey and Tituba even uses her mystical powers on them to protect them from getting sick. In return, they accuse her of being a witch and trying to hurt Betsey and other young girls. Tituba was very native about her situation a nd never thought someone she cared about would betray her that way. Tituba states, I had already heard these words or else read them in what people were thinking . But I never imagined they would come from the lips of someone so dear to me (77). When Tituba is in jail, she become conscious of her hidden strength in herself to survive and return to Barbados. Tituba discovers that the Puritans in Boston are very self-righteous. They believe that everyone should follow their religion in Boston and if you do not they force you out. The Puritans believe that if your different, you are damned and for all their belief in God their punishments are very severe. The Puritans were not only at odds with blacks, but also with Jews. Tituba learned of the hardships of the Jews through Benjamin Cohen dAzevedo when he was her master. Benjamin was accepting of Tituba and Tituba was tolerant of Benjamin. The Puritans did not feel this way. What are those who govern us thinking of? Did we leave England for this? To see Jews and niggers multiply in our midst (132)? Those were the opinions the Puritans felt towards people who were diverse.The third stage of Titubas journey brings her back to Barbados. In Barbados, Tituba discovers the happiness and peace that she was always looking for. She gets involved with a rebellion to free Barbados from the Whites. It is a unsuccessful revolt against the Whites that results in her death and everyone that was involved, but in the afterlife she finds what she has been looking for. Tituba sees everything around her now and knows that Barbados will become free in its own time. Tituba says, Yes, Im happy now. I can understand the past, read the present, and look into the future. Now I know why there is so much sufferingBut I know, too, that there will be an end to all this (178). The society that Tituba finds in Barbados in still one of corruption and the Whites are still in control. Tituba tries to change that before she realizes that it will happen at its own time. In conclusion, Maryse Condes I, Tituba, Black Witch of Salem presents Titubas journey from Barbados to Boston and back to Barbados. Tituba discovers the power of healing and magic. Tituba also realizes that when it comes to love, she will always follow her heart instead of her head. She also realizes that she cannot always trust the person closest to her, which does not stop her from continuing to be the caring and compassionate person that she was. Tituba finds the happiness that she was looking for in her death. Every person has a journey that they must travel throughout their life to help discover themselves and the world around them. In Maryse Condes I, Tituba, Black Witch of Salem, the character Tituba has a journey that takes her from Barbados to Boston and back to Barbados. At each stage of her journey she discovers something about herself and the society that she is in. The first stage in Titubas journey is in Barbados where she learns the secrets of healing and magic. Under Mama Yayas guidance, Tituba is taught these mystical powers which play an important role in how she sees herself. Tituba sees herself as a healer and wants to use her magical powers to help people. She states, I was born to heal, not to frighten (12). Tituba does not seem to understand why people would be scared of her. Tituba feels that she should be admired and revered, not feared. They should have greeted me with shouts of joy and welcome Tituba must be loved! To think that I scared people (12).Tituba discovers that she is willing to give up her freedom in order to be with the man she wants. She will have to live among white men again and that means they will govern her once more. Tituba knows this is a weakness on her behalf, but she cannot stop herself from wanting to be with John Indian. Even though white men have cause her parents deaths, she declares Despite all that, I was considering living among white men again, in their midst, under their domination. And all because of a n uncontrollable desire for a mortal man. Wasnt it madness (19)? Tituba realizes that she is following her heart instead of her head, but she is defenseless when it comes to her feeling for John Indian. .uf740dbb30f3d8171f562302a129f74e3 , .uf740dbb30f3d8171f562302a129f74e3 .postImageUrl , .uf740dbb30f3d8171f562302a129f74e3 .centered-text-area { min-height: 80px; position: relative; } .uf740dbb30f3d8171f562302a129f74e3 , .uf740dbb30f3d8171f562302a129f74e3:hover , .uf740dbb30f3d8171f562302a129f74e3:visited , .uf740dbb30f3d8171f562302a129f74e3:active { border:0!important; } .uf740dbb30f3d8171f562302a129f74e3 .clearfix:after { content: ""; display: table; clear: both; } .uf740dbb30f3d8171f562302a129f74e3 { display: block; transition: background-color 250ms; webkit-transition: background-color 250ms; width: 100%; opacity: 1; transition: opacity 250ms; webkit-transition: opacity 250ms; background-color: #95A5A6; } .uf740dbb30f3d8171f562302a129f74e3:active , .uf740dbb30f3d8171f562302a129f74e3:hover { opacity: 1; transition: opacity 250ms; webkit-transition: opacity 250ms; background-color: #2C3E50; } .uf740dbb30f3d8171f562302a129f74e3 .centered-text-area { width: 100%; position: relative ; } .uf740dbb30f3d8171f562302a129f74e3 .ctaText { border-bottom: 0 solid #fff; color: #2980B9; font-size: 16px; font-weight: bold; margin: 0; padding: 0; text-decoration: underline; } .uf740dbb30f3d8171f562302a129f74e3 .postTitle { color: #FFFFFF; font-size: 16px; font-weight: 600; margin: 0; padding: 0; width: 100%; } .uf740dbb30f3d8171f562302a129f74e3 .ctaButton { background-color: #7F8C8D!important; color: #2980B9; border: none; border-radius: 3px; box-shadow: none; font-size: 14px; font-weight: bold; line-height: 26px; moz-border-radius: 3px; text-align: center; text-decoration: none; text-shadow: none; width: 80px; min-height: 80px; background: url(https://artscolumbia.org/wp-content/plugins/intelly-related-posts/assets/images/simple-arrow.png)no-repeat; position: absolute; right: 0; top: 0; } .uf740dbb30f3d8171f562302a129f74e3:hover .ctaButton { background-color: #34495E!important; } .uf740dbb30f3d8171f562302a129f74e3 .centered-text { display: table; height: 80px; padding-left : 18px; top: 0; } .uf740dbb30f3d8171f562302a129f74e3 .uf740dbb30f3d8171f562302a129f74e3-content { display: table-cell; margin: 0; padding: 0; padding-right: 108px; position: relative; vertical-align: middle; width: 100%; } .uf740dbb30f3d8171f562302a129f74e3:after { content: ""; display: block; clear: both; } READ: Opera: Love Through The Ages With Maria Fortuna And Nancy Townsend EssayTituba finds that the society in Barbados is oppressive towards Blacks. The majority of Blacks are slaves and forced to adapted to the Europeans version of what they consider civilization. The blacks are treated like they do not exist. Tituba says, You would think I wasnt standing thereThey were talking about me and yet ignoring me. They were striking me off the map of human beings. I was a nonbeingTituba only existed insofar as these women let her exist (24). They had to convert to Christianity and were left with no identities of their own. The second stage of Titubas expedition is when she is in Bost on. She discovers the hard lesson of not always trusting the people closest to you. Tituba grows very close to her new mistress Goodwife Parris and her daughter Betsey and Tituba even uses her mystical powers on them to protect them from getting sick. In return, they accuse her of being a witch and trying to hurt Betsey and other young girls. Tituba was very native about her situation and never thought someone she cared about would betray her that way. Tituba states, I had already heard these words or else read them in what people were thinking . But I never imagined they would come from the lips of someone so dear to me (77). When Tituba is in jail, she become conscious of her hidden strength in herself to survive and return to Barbados. Tituba discovers that the Puritans in Boston are very self-righteous. They believe that everyone should follow their religion in Boston and if you do not they force you out. The Puritans believe that if your different, you are damned and for all their belief in God their punishments are very severe. The Puritans were not only at odds with blacks, but also with Jews. Tituba learned of the hardships of the Jews through Benjamin Cohen dAzevedo when he was her master. Benjamin was accepting of Tituba and Tituba was tolerant of Benjamin. The Puritans did not feel this way. What are those who govern us thinking of? Did we leave England for this? To see Jews and niggers multiply in our midst (132)? Those were the opinions the Puritans felt towards people who were diverse.The third stage of Titubas journey brings her back to Barbados. In Barbados, Tituba discovers the happiness and peace that she was always looking for. She gets involved with a rebellion to free Barbados from the Whites. It is a unsuccessful revolt against the Whites that results in her death and everyone that was involved, but in the afterlife she finds what she has been looking for. Tituba sees everything around her now and knows that Barbados will become free in its own time. Tituba says, Yes, Im happy now. I can understand the past, read the present, and look into the future. Now I know why there is so much sufferingBut I know, too, that there will be an end to all this (178). The society that Tituba finds in Barbados in still one of corruption and the Whites are still in control. Tituba tries to change that before she realizes that it will happen at its own time. In conclusion, Maryse Condes I, Tituba, Black Witch of Salem presents Titubas journey from Barbados to Boston and back to Barbados. Tituba discovers the power of healing and magic. Tituba also realizes that when it comes to love, she will always follow her heart instead of her head. She also realizes that she cannot always trust the person closest to her, which does not stop her from continuing to be the caring and compassionate person that she was. Tituba finds the happiness that she was looking for in her death. Every person has a journey that they must travel throughout their life to help discover themselves and the world around them. In Maryse Condes I, Tituba, Black Witch of Salem, the character Tituba has a journey that takes her from Barbados to Boston and back to Barbados. At each stage of her journey she discovers something about herself and the society that she is in. The first stage in Titubas journey is in Barbados where she learns the secrets of healing and magic. Under Mama Yayas guidance, Tituba is taught these mystical powers which play an important role in how she sees herself. Tituba sees herself as a healer and wants to use her magical powers to help people. She states, I was born to heal, not to frighten (12). Tituba does not seem to understand why people would be scared of her. Tituba feels that she should be admired and revered, not feared. They should have greeted me with shouts of joy and welcome Tituba must be loved! To think that I scared people (12).Tituba discovers that she is willing to give up her freedom in order to be with the man she wants. She will have to live among white men again and that means they will govern her once more. Tituba knows this is a weakness on her behalf, but she cannot stop herself from wanting to be with John Indian. Even though white men have cause her parents deaths, she declares Despite all that, I was considering living among white men again, in their midst, under their domination. And all because of a n uncontrollable desire for a mortal man. Wasnt it madness (19)? Tituba realizes that she is following her heart instead of her head, but she is defenseless when it comes to her feeling for John Indian. .u889e1cdcfef198f65c00d3c7e2800cb1 , .u889e1cdcfef198f65c00d3c7e2800cb1 .postImageUrl , .u889e1cdcfef198f65c00d3c7e2800cb1 .centered-text-area { min-height: 80px; position: relative; } .u889e1cdcfef198f65c00d3c7e2800cb1 , .u889e1cdcfef198f65c00d3c7e2800cb1:hover , .u889e1cdcfef198f65c00d3c7e2800cb1:visited , .u889e1cdcfef198f65c00d3c7e2800cb1:active { border:0!important; } .u889e1cdcfef198f65c00d3c7e2800cb1 .clearfix:after { content: ""; display: table; clear: both; } .u889e1cdcfef198f65c00d3c7e2800cb1 { display: block; transition: background-color 250ms; webkit-transition: background-color 250ms; width: 100%; opacity: 1; transition: opacity 250ms; webkit-transition: opacity 250ms; background-color: #95A5A6; } .u889e1cdcfef198f65c00d3c7e2800cb1:active , .u889e1cdcfef198f65c00d3c7e2800cb1:hover { opacity: 1; transition: opacity 250ms; webkit-transition: opacity 250ms; background-color: #2C3E50; } .u889e1cdcfef198f65c00d3c7e2800cb1 .centered-text-area { width: 100%; position: relative ; } .u889e1cdcfef198f65c00d3c7e2800cb1 .ctaText { border-bottom: 0 solid #fff; color: #2980B9; font-size: 16px; font-weight: bold; margin: 0; padding: 0; text-decoration: underline; } .u889e1cdcfef198f65c00d3c7e2800cb1 .postTitle { color: #FFFFFF; font-size: 16px; font-weight: 600; margin: 0; padding: 0; width: 100%; } .u889e1cdcfef198f65c00d3c7e2800cb1 .ctaButton { background-color: #7F8C8D!important; color: #2980B9; border: none; border-radius: 3px; box-shadow: none; font-size: 14px; font-weight: bold; line-height: 26px; moz-border-radius: 3px; text-align: center; text-decoration: none; text-shadow: none; width: 80px; min-height: 80px; background: url(https://artscolumbia.org/wp-content/plugins/intelly-related-posts/assets/images/simple-arrow.png)no-repeat; position: absolute; right: 0; top: 0; } .u889e1cdcfef198f65c00d3c7e2800cb1:hover .ctaButton { background-color: #34495E!important; } .u889e1cdcfef198f65c00d3c7e2800cb1 .centered-text { display: table; height: 80px; padding-left : 18px; top: 0; } .u889e1cdcfef198f65c00d3c7e2800cb1 .u889e1cdcfef198f65c00d3c7e2800cb1-content { display: table-cell; margin: 0; padding: 0; padding-right: 108px; position: relative; vertical-align: middle; width: 100%; } .u889e1cdcfef198f65c00d3c7e2800cb1:after { content: ""; display: block; clear: both; } READ: DBQ: Reforming Movements affect on the Democracy o EssayTituba finds that the society in Barbados is oppressive towards Blacks. The majority of Blacks are slaves and forced to adapted to the Europeans version of what they consider civilization. The blacks are treated like they do not exist. Tituba says, You would think I wasnt standing thereThey were talking about me and yet ignoring me. They were striking me off the map of human beings. I was a nonbeingTituba only existed insofar as these women let her exist (24). They had to convert to Christianity and were left with no identities of their own. The second stage of Titubas expedition is when she is in Boston. She discover s the hard lesson of not always trusting the people closest to you. Tituba grows very close to her new mistress Goodwife Parris and her daughter Betsey and Tituba even uses her mystical powers on them to protect them from getting sick. In return, they accuse her of being a witch and trying to hurt Betsey and other young girls. Tituba was very native about her situation and never thought someone she cared about would betray her that way. Tituba states, I had already heard these words or else read them in what people were thinking . But I never imagined they would come from the lips of someone so dear to me (77). When Tituba is in jail, she become conscious of her hidden strength in herself to survive and return to Barbados. Tituba discovers that the Puritans in Boston are very self-righteous. They believe that everyone should follow their religion in Boston and if you do not they force you out. The Puritans believe that if your different, you are damned and for all their belief in God their punishments are very severe. The Puritans were not only at odds with blacks, but also with Jews. Tituba learned of the hardships of the Jews through Benjamin Cohen dAzevedo when he was her master. Benjamin was accepting of Tituba and Tituba was tolerant of Benjamin. The Puritans did not feel this way. What are those who govern us thinking of? Did we leave England for this? To see Jews and niggers multiply in our midst (132)? Those were the opinions the Puritans felt towards people who were diverse.The third stage of Titubas journey brings her back to Barbados. In Barbados, Tituba discovers the happiness and peace that she was always looking for. She gets involved with a rebellion to free Barbados from the Whites. It is a unsuccessful revolt against the Whites that results in her death and everyone that was involved, but in the afterlife she finds what she has been looking for. Tituba sees everything around her now and knows that Barbados will become free in its own time. Tituba says, Yes, Im happy now. I can understand the past, read the present, and look into the future. Now I know why there is so much sufferingBut I know, too, that there will be an end to all this (178). The society that Tituba finds in Barbados in still one of corruption and the Whites are still in control. Tituba tries to change that before she realizes that it will happen at its own time. In conclusion, Maryse Condes I, Tituba, Black Witch of Salem presents Titubas journey from Barbados to Boston and back to Barbados. Tituba discovers the power of healing and magic. Tituba also realizes that when it comes to love, she will always follow her heart instead of her head. She also realizes that she cannot always trust the person closest to her, which does not stop her from continuing to be the caring and compassionate person that she was. Tituba finds the happiness that she was looking for in her death. Bibliography:

Music2 essays

Music2 essays your gods, and from off your hands. The ultimate origin of music is to locate in time to find out correctly. Music in its modern Western sense has become both a fine art and a fine discipline. Its prime constructive elements are melody, rhythm, and harmony. The music of primitive people and the culture of African, Amerindian, Asians are largely uninfluenced by European developments might lack harmony and maybe even melody as we know it, but it is not possible to make music devoid of rhythm. In Europe music, it is the fine art as we now recognize came during the Middle Ages. Music comes from the coming together and development of human expressive utterance. Vocal sound came later but being one spontaneous way of showing emotion and need, historians often assume, sometimes without proof, that primary music was made of some form of song. Moving the body is another way of expressing response to emotion response, a rhythmic form of sound set to go with dance or mime. Some Amerindians burst into shouts and wail which settle into musical intervals. Most of the earliest known instruments were clapping, rattles, stamping tubes, and later drums and xylophones are really extensions or projections of the movements of human limbs. The importance of rhythm and melody differ from the different cultures. Rhythm plays and inferior role among some people, but it is dominate to others. One of the clearest examples of such rhythmic dominance is the polyrhythmic beating of Central African drums. These complex patterns and off beats cannot be notated exactly. Music is more closely connected with the daily living of primitive people than of those in ore highly developed cultures. It goes with an important place in tribal rites concerned with birth, puberty, marriage, fertility, heath, death, resurrection, rain, planting, hunting, and combat. Most important music element largely absent from primitive music, is harmony as it has...

Geography and History of Finland

Geography and History of Finland Finland is a country located in Northern Europe to the east of Sweden, south of Norway and the west of Russia. Although Finland has a large population at 5,259,250 people, its large area makes it is the most sparsely populated country in Europe. The population density of Finland is 40.28 people per square mile or 15.5 people per square kilometer. Finland is also known for its strong educational system, economy and it is considered one of the worlds most peaceful and livable countries. Population: 5,259,250 (July 2011 estimate)Capital: HelsinkiBordering Countries: Norway, Sweden, and RussiaArea: 130,558 square miles (338,145 sq km)Coastline: 776 miles (1,250 km)Highest Point: Haltiatunturi at 4,357 feet (1,328 m) History It is unclear about where the first inhabitants of Finland came from but most historians claim that their origin is Siberia thousands of years ago. For most of its early history, Finland was associated with the Kingdom of Sweden. This began in 1154 when Swedens King Eric introduced Christianity in Finland. As a result of Finland becoming a part of Sweden in the 12th century, Swedish became the regions official language. By the 19th century, however, Finnish again became the national language. In 1809, Finland was conquered by Czar Alexander I of Russia and became an independent grand duchy of the Russian Empire until 1917. On December 6th of that year, Finland declared its independence. In 1918 a civil war took place in the country. During World War II, Finland fought the Soviet Union from 1939 to 1940 (The Winter War) and again from 1941 to 1944 (The Continuation War). From 1944 to 1945, Finland fought against Germany. In 1947 and 1948 Finland and the Soviet Union signed a treaty that resulted in Finland making territorial concessions to the USSR. Following the end of World War II, Finland grew in population but in the 1980s and early 1990s it began to have economic problems. In 1994 Martti Ahtisaari was elected as president and he began a campaign to revitalize the countrys economy. In 1995 Finland joined the European Union and in 2000 Tarja Halonen was elected as Finland and Europes first female president and prime minister. Government Today Finland, officially called the Republic of Finland, is considered a republic and its executive branch of government is made up of a chief of state (the president) and a head of government (the prime minister). Finlands legislative branch is composed of a unicameral Parliament whose members are elected by popular vote. The countrys judicial branch is made up of general courts that deal with criminal and civil cases as well as administrative courts. Finland is divided into 19 regions for local administration. Economics and Land Use Finland currently has a strong, modern industrialized economy. Manufacturing is one of the major industries in Finland and the country depends trade with foreign nations. The main industries in Finland are metals and metal products, electronics, machinery and scientific instruments, shipbuilding, pulp and paper, foodstuffs, chemicals, textiles, and clothing. In addition, agriculture plays a small role in Finlands economy. This is because the countrys high latitude means that it has a short growing season in all but its southern areas. The main agriculture products of Finland are barley, wheat, sugar beets, potatoes, dairy cattle, and fish. Geography and Climate Finland is located in Northern Europe along the Baltic Sea, the Gulf of Bothnia and the Gulf of Finland. It shares borders with Norway, Sweden and Russia and has a coastline of 776 miles (1,250 km). The topography of Finland is relatively gentle with low, flat or rolling plains and low hills. The land is also dotted with many lakes, over 60,000 of them, and the highest point in the country is Haltiatunturi at 4,357 feet (1,328 m). The climate of Finland is considered cold temperate and subarctic in its far northern areas. Most of Finlands climate is moderated by the North Atlantic Current, however. Finlands capital and largest city, Helsinki, which is located on its southern tip has an average February low temperature of 18 F (-7.7 C) and an average July high temperature of 69.6 F (21 C). Sources Central Intelligence Agency. (14 June 2011). CIA - The World Factbook - Finland.Infoplease.com. (n.d.). Finland: History, Geography, Government, and Culture- Infoplease.com.United States Department of State. (22 June 2011). Finland.Wikipedia.com. (29 June 2011). Finland - Wikipedia, the Free Encyclopedia.

Consumers' Attitude toward Brand Extensions Dissertation

Consumers' Attitude toward Brand Extensions - Dissertation Example I would first like to thank my tutor who offered valued and constructive advice on how to put this piece of work together. I would like to thank my family for allowing me the space to work and contributed through support for this endeavour. I would also like to thank the University for contributing significantly to my education to get me the point of being able to complete this work. Contents Contents Contents 5 Figures 7 Abstract 8 Chapter One: Introduction 9 1.1 Background 9 1.2 Aim and Objectives 10 1.2.1 Aims 10 1.2.2 Objectives 10 1.3 Research Design 11 1.3.1 Theoretical Frameworks 11 1.3.2 Purpose of the Study 12 1.4 Structure of Study 12 Chapter Two: Literature Review 14 2.1 Introduction 14 2.2 Brand 14 2.2.1 Brand Equity 15 2.2.2 Brand Mythology 18 2.2.3 Global Brand Power 20 2.2.4 Brand Extensions 21 2.3 Consumer Behaviour 23 2.3.1 Attitude Theory 25 2.3.2 Expectancy Value Theory 26 2.4 Summary 26 Chapter Three: Methodology 28 3.1 Introduction 28 3.2 Research 29 3.2.1 Resear ch Questions 29 3.2.2 Secondary Research 30 3.2.3 Primary Research 30 3.2.4 Questionnaires/Surveys 31 3.2.5 Sampling 32 3.2.6 Pilot Study 33 3.3 Research Study 34 3.3.1 Research Subject 34 3.3.2 Data Analysis 34 3.3.3 Limitations 35 3.4 Ethics 36 3.5 Summary 36 Chapter Four: Results and Discussion 37 4.1Introduction 37 4.2 Quantitative Research 38 4.2 1 Demographics 38 4.2.2 Questionnaire Results 39 4.3 Qualitative Research 45 4.3.1 Group Interview 45 4.3.2 Observation 49 4.4 Discussion 50 4.5 Summary 51 Chapter Five: Conclusion 52 5.1 Introduction 52 5.2 Motivating Consumers 53 5.3 Decision Making Process 55 5.4 Responses to New Products 56 5.5 Reputation 56 5.6 Consumer Types 58 5.7 Consumer Attitudes 59 References 61 Appendixes 63 Appendix 1: Questionnaire 63 Appendix 2: Interview Questions 66 Figures Fig. 1 Stakeholder Journey (Fisher-Buttinger and Valaster 2003: 206) Fig. 2 Brand Extension Longevity from Originating Product (Kapferer 2008: 334) Fig 3 Male to Female Ratio compar ed to Male to Female Brand Buying Habits Fig. 4 Trust in a Brand Fig 5 Meaning Associated with using a Brand Name Fig 6 Comparison of Trust and Meaning of a Brand Name Abstract The following paper has been written in order to explore the nature of consumer attitudes towards brand extension. The research has been conducted through a mixed methodology with quantitative research conducted through a questionnaire format, and qualitative research conducted through both a group interview format and a period of observation on the response to brand extensions within a retail venue. The results show that while consumers wish to believe that each product is assessed purely on its own merits, the truth of their experience is that they will more likely try a new product that is brought onto the market by a trusted brand than one that has a brand name that is unfamiliar, even if it is the same product. As well, a product that merely carries a brand name, but without attributes of any of the prod ucts that are carried by that brand, will be suspect and will not have the same power. It is the conclusion of this research that a brand extension provides a powerful resource for expanding a business if done with the power and equity built by that brand in consideration of relatable attributes.

The Penny Press Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words

The Penny Press - Essay Example The penny press had much more to offer readers then traditional newspapers. The penny press, which became almost popular overnight, allowed writers to give the public a small breakdown of current events. This was important since readers no longer had to wait for other papers to circulate. Readers wanting to be updated on the latest and greatest events could purchase a subscription or pick up a paper from a local news stand. When consumers purchased the paper, they knew that the paper would contain information that was current and of interest. Not everyone took a liking to The Penny Press. â€Å"Many were not interested in the topics presented and thought that they appealed to a lower class of individuals.† (Friedman 2005) These people preferred the traditional style newspaper since it contained political info as well as the week’s most important headlines. The late 1800’s was a time that housed many new events. These new events were so popular and interesting to readers that they fueled the success of The Penny Press. The public quickly became use to the fact that they could read new and updated topics everyday for only one penny. The effect of the popularity of The Penny Press, left penny press writers with the need to constantly seek out new stories. These new stories were not always easy to find and The Penny Press opened up the doors and gave a new definition to the meaning journalism. Journalism quickly began to grow as the need for new stories became such a high demand. Consequences that arose from the increase in journalism as a result of The Penny Press are seen even in today’s society. These consequences include a decrease in the public’s privacy, an increase in paparazzi, and an increased want by the public to have information. The pressure this created on journalist made journalist hungry for information and willing to do what was necessary to get the most popular and sought after story. It is obvious that the

Growing Up, The Catcher in the Rye Essay Example for Free

Growing Up, The Catcher in the Rye Essay A young man going through puberty, not knowing what he is doing or where he is headed, in a world in which he feels he doesnt belong in, and feels he is always around a bunch of phonies. This would describe the position of Holden Caulfield, the main character in The Catcher in the Rye (1951) written by J.D. Salinger. The book, all narrated by Holden in first person, in its very unique and humorous style, is about Holden, and all the troubles he has encountered through school, family, friends, and basically life. Holden has been expelled from a private school in Pennsylvania because of failing classes, and decides to go to New York for three days before going home to his disappointed parents. At the beginning of the novel, Holden seems to be like any other 16-year-old young man. But the novel progressively displays through various examples of symbolism that Holden has many problems coping with the world around him. Holden likes to reminisce about his childhood and visiting the Museum of Natural History in Central Park. He loved to visit the museum, for many reasons, and he even said that he got very happy when he thought about the museum. He tells us of the symbolic details in the museum, by saying, The best thing, though in that museum was that everything always stayed right where it was. Nobodyd move. Nobodyd be different. The only thing that would be different would be you(121). Holden likes this kind of world, and wishes that he lived in it. He wishes things would stay unchanged and simple. Holden is almost scared by change, and cant handle the conflicts in his life. Another very symbolic example in the book is the title itself. On the first night of his three-night excursion, Holden decides to sneak into his house and visit his sister, Phoebe, who he adores very much. Phoebe asks Holden what he would like to do with his life. Holden ponders the question and tells Phoebe about the poem, Com in Through The Rye by Robert Burns. He tells Phoebe, I keep picturing all these little kids playing some game in this big field of rye and all. Thousands of little kids, and nobodys aroundnobody big, I meanexcept me. And Im standing on the edge of some crazy cliff. What I have to do, I have to catch everybody if they start to go over the cliffI mean if theyre running and they don look where theyre going I have to come out from somewhere and catch them. Thats all Id do all day. Id just be the catcher in the rye and all(173). He wants  to save the kids of their innocence, and protect them from the adult world. This indicates Holdens insecurity of the world in which he lives in, and his disgust with becoming an adult. Holden is a very unique individual. He thinks he is different than everyone else he meets, and he is quick to point out how phony everybody else is. While in New York, Holden buys a red hunting hat. It was a very odd hat to wear out in public, especially at a prep school, and the other kids were always giving him a hard time for wearing it. Holden describes it, â€Å"It was this red hunting hat, with one of those very, very long peaks. It only cost me a buck. The way I wore it, I swung the old peak way around to the back—very corny, I’ll admit, but I liked it that way†(18). Holden is always proud that he is different than everybody around him, and he sees that hat as a part of his independence. He always likes to think that he is not a â€Å"phony† himself, and will do anything possible to show how different he is than all the other â€Å"phonies.† Another thing Holden likes to recollect is the lagoon in Central Park, and the ducks that occupied it. He ponders,† I was wondering if it would be frozen over when I got home, and if it was, where did the ducks go. I was wondering where the ducks went when the lagoon got all icy and frozen over†(13). Knowing it or not, Holden is curious about the ducks in the lagoon, because he himself doesn’t know where he is going, or how he is going to get there. He has been kicked out of numerous schools, and he needs a scapegoat such as the lagoon freezi ng over in order to find out where it is he is going. Holden shows the reader how disgusted and disturbed he is by this adult world in which he is growing into. He wishes to stay young, and keep everything simple, and to keep away from all the â€Å"phonies† out there. After recalling all the people he has met, and admitting how sick he is, Holden realizes that he is just as phony as everybody else. He ends the story, adding,† Don’t ever tell anybody anything. If you do, you start missing everybody†(214).

Media Violence :: Media Television Violent Essays

The media is almost everywhere in our day to day lives. From television to movies, to videogames, it is a very large source of entertainment in our culture and thus has a vast impact on our lives. With the large impact that the media has on us the content of them are very important as well. When obscene violence is depicted on television and our other forms of entertainment it will be seen by many, including our children. The effects I speak of are vast, numerous, and too much to be ignored. But are these effects enough for us to get rid of this genre of entertainment all together just to protect our children? This type of entertainment does tend to sell very, very well, and is a large part of many entertainment companies revenue. To simply get rid of them will hurt the entertainment business to a very large degree, possibly destroying some companies with the current economy being what it is. In this extended argument paper I will discuss the general topic of how big of a part the media plays in our day to day life, and the influence it has on our personalities. I will then proceed to narrow the topic of media down to when violence is portrayed, and the negative effects that its viewing has on us. I will narrow even farther and describe the influence portrayed by from the youth of our country. I will then go into depth on media rating systems that are in place to prevent those too young to few it, from viewing it. I will discuss the other things in place to prevent children from viewing violence in the media, including the parent’s responsibilities. I will go over the argument of why violence in the media should be stopped, and then why it should be kept. I will then bring both arguments together to attempt to give a solution to the problem of violence in the media. Although violence in these medians are not made for children’s viewing, they do see th em and hinder them in one way or another, but is that enough to get rid of violence in the media all together. The media plays a very large part in our lives.

Case Study on Cost Efficiency

Introduction It is not easy to compete in the market today. Rising prices, shifting fuel rates, global competition, varying labor rates around the world, and spiraling health insurance costs have made cost control a moving target. Sometimes it seems that a company gets one set of expenses under control, and in the meantime, another area of the company begins experiencing cost overruns. It is a never ending battle to maintain company profitability. The importance of cost efficiency programs within a company cannot be overstated.Companies that are losing money, need to increase profits, or must become more competitive need to cut expenses in order to succeed. Knowing how to implement effective cost reduction strategies can be the determining factor in the survival of a business. Every organization strives to reduce cost and accomplishment of work at minimum resources to gain maximum output and financial performance. Cost efficiency is a measure of the level of resources used to create a given level of product value.How much resources are being used to create an optimum and defined level of outcomes need to work out to determine the cost of resources and cost of ultimate output it brings in existence. Company can offer lower price product for its customer benefits or can provide more features for the same price of product. While allocating Budget Company would like to maintain same level of service provisions and quality but at reduced cost and try to earn profit as much as it can. Objectives of the subject †¢ To study the concept of cost efficiency. †¢ To study importance cost efficiency. To study consequences of cost inefficiency. †¢ To study the case study on cost efficiency with reference to Google purchase Motorola mobility. Research methodology The information for the present study is collected through secondary sources i. e. from books, journal, magazines, internet, etc. Limitation of the study- The information for the present study is collec ted through secondary source no primary source is used. Organization’s Profile Google History of Google Google began in January 1996 as a research project by Larry Page and Sergey Brin when they were both PhD students at Stanford University in California.While conventional search engines ranked results by counting how many times the search terms appeared on the page, the two theorized about a better system that analyzed the relationships between websites. They called this new technology Page Rank, where a website's relevance was determined by the number of pages, and the importance of those pages, that linked back to the original site. A small search engine called â€Å"Rank Dex† from IDD Information Services designed by Robin Li was, since 1996, already exploring a similar strategy for site-scoring and page ranking.The technology in Rank Dex would be patented and used later when Li founded Baidu in China. Page and Brin originally nicknamed their new search engine â₠¬Å"Back Rub†, because the system checked back links to estimate the importance of a site. Eventually, they changed the name to Google, originating from a misspelling of the word â€Å"googol†, the number one followed by one hundred zeros, which was picked to signify that the search engine wants to provide large quantities of information for people. Originally, Google ran under theStanford University website, with the domains google. stanford. edu and z. stanford. edu. The domain name for Google was registered on September 15, 1997 and the company was incorporated on September 4, 1998. It was based in a friend’s garage in California. Craig Silverstein, a fellow PhD student at Stanford, was hired as the first employee. In May 2011, the number of monthly unique visitors to Google surpassed 1 billion for the first time, an 8. 4 percent increase from May 2010 (931 million). Mission of Google Google Inc. s an American multinational corporation which provides Internet-r elated products and services, including Internet search, cloud computing, software and advertising technologies. Advertising revenues from Ad Words generate almost all of the company's profits. Google is a global technology leader which focuses on improving the ways people connect with information relative to the industry Internet and Computer software. The company mission is to organize the world’s information and make it universally accessible and useful.Its product lines include Search Advertising, Display Advertising, Mobile Advertising, Tools for Publishers, Local, and Enterprise. Google has became one of the most recognized brand in the world and achieved Market Share of 65. 5% (May 2011) in Search Engine Business. Google became the 4th largest technology company in USA. Rapid growth since incorporation has triggered a chain of products, acquisitions, and partnerships beyond the company's core web search engine. The company offers online productivity software including email, an office suite, and social networking.Google's products extend to the desktop as well, with applications for web browsing, organizing & editing photos, and instant messaging. Google leads the development of the Android mobile operating system, as well as the Google Chrome OS browser-only operating system, found on specialized net books called Chrome books. Google has been estimated to run over one million servers in data centers around the world and process over one billion search requests and about twenty-four peta bytes of user-generated data every day. As of September 2009 Alexa listed the main U. S. focused google. com site as the Internet's most visited website, and numerous international Google sites as being in the top hundred, as well as several other Google-owned sites such as YouTube, Blogger and Orkut. Google also ranks number two in the BrandZ brand equity database. The dominant market position of Google's services has led to criticism of the company over issues including privacy, copyright, and censorship. Google’s Organizational Structure According to Fortune and All Business magazines, Google is the fourth-most admired company in the United States.Google was also listed as the top company to work for in both 2007 and 2008. The main reason for this employee admiration is Google’s cross-functional organizational structure, which the company maintains though stellar leadership and innovative management techniques. Motorola History of Motorola Paul V. Galvin and his brother, Joseph E. Galvin, purchase a battery eliminator business in Chicago. In September 1928 they named the company Galvin Manufacturing Corporation. Galvin Manufacturing Corporation's first product they develop is a battery eliminator which allows electronic devices to run on electricity rather than batter.The name Motorola was given to Galvin’s first car stereo. ‘Motor’ stands for car and ‘ola’ stands for sound. From 1936 onward s, Galvin production lines dominate by manufacturing radios for cars and receivers up to 1947 where they produce their first television and the company name changes from Galvin Manufacturing Corporation to Motorola but then continue manufacturing communications mediums. In 1967, Motorola expands into the following countries: Australia, Canada, France, Hong Kong, Israel, Italy, Japan, Malaysia, Mexico, Puerto Rico, South Korea, Taiwan, the United Kingdom and West Germany.In 1969, Motorola starts to supply the National American Space Agency (NASA) with radio equipment so astronauhts can communicate with their Earthly bases. The first man on the moon, Neil Armstrong communicated with Earth whilst on the Moon using a Motorola Radio. In 2000 Motorola and General Instrument Corporation merged to enhance their services and in 2001 Motorola introduces the Motorola v60 phone the world first metal mobile phone which is available on the cellular networks GSM, TDMA and CDMA. In 2002 Motorola de veloped released a GPS chip that could be installed into consumer electronics to enable location positioning.Also Motorola released a 3G which is transmitted over CDMA network. Finally, Motorola releases the Cross-Technology PoC product line that enables subscribers to have â€Å"push-to-talk† connectivity across and between GPRS, CDMA2000 1X, and WiFi networks and Motorola releases Ojo Personal Video Phone. Ojo promises broadband connectivity and a video phone that doesn’t break up which is commonly known with video phones. Mission of Motorola Motorola wants to make phone chargers to strap onto millions of owners' bikes in emerging nations because mobile phones are often the only type of phone they own.For many people in those countries, he said, a mobile phone is often the first interaction with a computer or the Internet. Globally and locally, Motorola's mission is to make everything mobile: communication, music, photos, Internet, television. And especially putting content wherever customers want it. Chris White from Motorola's multimedia experience department discussed what Zander called the two biggest customer frustrations: getting music onto a mobile phone and getting pictures off of it. Motorola has partnered with Microsoft to bring DRM technology to its phones.Users will be able to download music from a variety of online music stores into Windows Media Player. Songs can then be dragged, dropped and synched with the phone. In regard to photos, Motorola's new Rizr Z6 phone will have a 2-megapixel camera whose pictures can be sent wirelessly over Bluetooth to a Kodak EasyShare printer. Organizational structure of Motorola The company adopts a more flat organizational structure compared to Nokia and Ericsson and grants more authority to the second level management.Within divisions, the Vice Presidents of the respective segments are authorized to adopt the ideal organizational pattern as an example, matrix approach for new product development divisions/departments, whereas a line or staff structure for production area. The company favors interdepartmental and cross functional teaming of employees and also adopts employee empowerments schemes to make good the lacunae in organizational structure, caused due to centralization of functions. The flat organization of Motorola enables the implementations of management decisions at a faster rate.Concept of cost efficiency Definition of cost efficiency â€Å"Efficiency is the ratio of output to input. A system is cost efficient if, relative to another system, its output cost less per unit of input. A system increases its cost efficiency when it maintains output with less than proportionate increase in input. Efficiency is divided into 2 parts, they are- allocative efficiency and x-efficiency. Allocative efficiency is concerned with the allocation of given resources between alternative uses in ways that maximize social welfare.X-efficiency is concerned with producing more output without any change in the allocation of inputs. It therefore focuses on inefficiencies such as overstaffing and managerial waste†. The act of saving money by making a product or performing an activity in a better way is nothing but cost efficiency. Cost efficiency is a concept which is concerned with comparing different ways of achieving the same objective such that the most cost-effective choice will be the least costly of the alternatives being compared. Cost efficiency takes into account not only the price, but other factors too.Cost efficiency is more expensive at first but in the long run it will save money. This cost efficiency refers to the use of resources so as to maximize the production of goods and services. In accountancy, the cost is said more efficient than another (in relative terms) if it can provide more goods and services for society without using more resources. In absolute terms, a situation can be called efficient if: †¢ No additional output can be o btained without increasing the amount of inputs. †¢ Production proceeds at the lowest possible per-unit cost.These definitions of efficiency are not exactly equivalent, but they are all encompassed by the idea that a system is efficient if nothing more can be achieved given the resources available. The term cost efficiency is a situation in which an organization maximizes benefit and profit, while minimizing effort and expenditure. Maximization of efficiency is a balance between two extremes. Managed correctly, it reduces costs, waste, and duplication. The greater the efficiency, the more successful organization becomes.The organizations today attempt to be more customer-responsive than efficient in this sense, and the notion of such an ordered and impersonal efficiency has lost favor in an era when creativity and innovation are valued as a competitive advantage. A goal of media marketing that is aimed at minimizing advertising expenses incurred while maximizing product publici ty to a target market in terms of breadth and frequency of exposure. Maximizing cost efficiency in a marketing campaign is highly desirable for a business since the greatest product exposure is achieved for the least amount of financial investment.Importance of cost efficiency The importance of cost efficiency programs within a company cannot be overstated. Companies that are losing money, need to increase profits, or must become more competitive need to cut expenses in order to succeed. Knowing how to implement effective cost reduction strategies can be the determining factor in the survival of a business. Keeping a Competitive Advantage A good manager understands the importance of cost reduction to the health of a company. Bloated expense accounts can eat up profits quickly.A cost efficiency plan is one that focuses on lowering costs in every business activity. The activities vary by type of business but the concept of cost reduction and its efficiency does not vary. The importanc e of cost reduction and efficiency plans is related to the most common reasons why expenses must be cut in a business. †¢ Need for increased profits †¢ Improved competitive standing †¢ Preserve company resources †¢ Reduce waste †¢ Improved productivity It is not easy to compete in the market today.Rising prices, shifting fuel rates, global competition, varying labor rates around the world, and spiraling health insurance costs have made cost control a moving target. Sometimes it seems that a company gets one set of expenses under control, and in the meantime, another area of the company begins experiencing cost overruns. It is a never ending battle to maintain company profitability. Cost efficiency can be achieved utilizing different approaches. A company can: †¢ Reduce existing expenses †¢ Eliminate unnecessary expenses Modify business strategies which affect the types of business expenses †¢ Replace higher expenses with lower expenses for sam e items The importance of cost efficiency strategies cannot be understated, especially when a company is struggling to maintain profitability. Areas that can be reviewed for expense reductions include the following. †¢ Telecommunications †¢ Leases †¢ Materials †¢ Office supplies †¢ Maintenance costs †¢ Rent †¢ Utilities When a company must generate more cash as fast as possible, management will have to decide which costs can be most effectively reduced.If the reduction is needed quickly, expenses cut first will normally be those that are not fixed or directly tied to production. It is not a good idea to drastically reduce expenses that produce the company product or service without careful evaluation. If your company understands the importance of cost efficiency as a tool to increase profitability, the company will have a much better chance of remaining profitable no matter what stage of the economic cycle is occurring. That is because cost efficie ncy is an effective tool that can be responsive to a company's need. Managing expenses is just as important as managing revenue.A regular review of costs can prevent a company from wasting money resulting from ‘bad habits'. No matter whether it is good times or bad, the importance of cost efficiency strategies never changes. Consequences of cost inefficiencies The theory of inefficiency states that the distribution of resources between alternatives does not fit with consumer taste (perceptions of costs and benefits). For example, a company may have the lowest costs in â€Å"productive† terms, but the result may be inefficient in allocative terms because the â€Å"true† or social cost exceeds the price that consumers are willing to pay for an extra unit of the product.This is true, for example, if the firm produces pollution (see also external cost). Consumers would prefer that the firm and its competitors produce less of the product and charge a higher price, to internalize the external cost. Cost plays an important role in running of the business. Unfortunately, a business or a firm or an organization faces many problems due to improper use of cash held with them. In other word, it is also said as facing the consequences of cost inefficiency.Organizations have different range of problems than their larger counterparts, due to their inability to enjoy some of the same advantages in the marketplace. Most of these problems are due to revenue and cash-on-hand availability when the bills come due. But confronting these obstacles before they become a headache can help you to prevent them from becoming a major issue for your company through the study of cost efficiency. Following are the consequences faced by an organization:- Cash Flow The most important issue to any small business entrepreneur is cash flow.It does not help a small business to have a profitable upcoming quarter already signed on the dotted line, if the payroll for this Friday do es not have sufficient funds to pay your employees. Businesses which book revenue in advance, but do not realize the income for a period of months afterwards, must be especially careful with this timing. The future ledger may be showing nothing but green, but if the cash-on-hand dips into the red, a crisis may be coming sooner than your revenue can forestall it. Maintain lines of credit sufficient to keep your cash flow healthy as necessary, and keep a rainy day account if possible.Unforeseen Expenses Start-up companies and small businesses frequently run close to the bone and may be profitable only so long as unplanned events never occur. A retail store which clears $150,000 per year after expenses may seem to be in good shape, until a slip-and-fall lawsuit against the store awards the plaintiff $1. 3 million and there is no insurance coverage. Even smaller expenses, such as a one-time government levy on all businesses in a region, or a rise in the cost of goods, can cause a major change in the bottom line.Use your available credit when you need to tide over your short-term cash crunch, but keep a close eye on your long-term profitability to ensure that your overall liquidity is not threatened by the change in costs. Catastrophic Change A large corporation will probably survive the loss of a key executive to a debilitating injury or death, but these things frequently close small businesses when that person represents a large chunk of the available labor force–especially when the entrepreneur herself is that person. Likewise, a natural disaster or other major disruption can close a business for weeks or months.Whenever possible, have cash on hand and business policies to ensure that you will be able to reopen as soon as possible, or wether the temporary loss of a key employee, and then check your business plan to see if any of your prior assumptions have been changed by the new circumstances Once the organization identifies the sources of waste, and how much it is costing business, it should look at the most cost-effective way to reduce it. It's a good idea to focus initially on quick wins – things you can do immediately that will reduce waste almost instantly. You might also want to consider uick fixes – putting in place a temporary solution to a problem to give you time to design a more permanent answer. It is essential to give priority to cost improvements, as making a change to eliminate a problem might not always be cost-effective. The main focus should be on dealing with those problems which are most costly to the business because it will have the biggest impact on your profits. A case study Google purchase Motorola mobility About the Deal The Google, online giant on 15 August, 2011 made an announcement to buy Motorola Mobility, a maker of handsets and other electronic devices.Google Management Agreed to buy Motorola Mobility for $ 12. 5 billion. This is the largest  Ã‚  Ã‚   surprising acquisition by Google paying a premium of 63% to the 12th August, 2011 closing price ($40. 00 per share) of Motorola Mobility. The deal not only treated as a surprise, it will have a big impact on the mobile industry too. Motorola shareholders will get $40 a share in cash, the companies said in a statement today. That’s 63 percent more than Motorola Mobility’s closing price on the New York Stock Exchange on Aug. 12. Both boards have approved the takeover.This is a Vertical Merger (which companies at different places in a chain of products join together). Here, Hardware Client (Motorola) acquired by the Software Client (Google) Google expects to complete the transaction by early 2012. As recently as March, the deal was slowed to a crawl when the Chinese government expanded its investigation of the purchase. China finally cleared the deal this past weekend. Google had received approval for the deal from both the U. S. Department of Justice and the European Commission in February. The purchase also was approved by officials in Israel and Taiwan, leaving China as the last holdout.The purchase will help Google defend itself against various patent infringement lawsuits over the Android operating system, since Motorola has one of the smart-phone industry's largest patent libraries. Page also hailed the purchase as something that will allow Google to gain a bigger foothold in the mobile market. A Google phone running Android could be very marketable not only to consumers but to IT departments that need to outfit workers with mobile devices. Basically, owning both the handset hardware and the operating system could be a powerful combination that could drive Android adoption.Google has been working to expand its business into other hardware ventures. With Motorola, Google may be better able to push its way into the home entertainment market with its Google TV platform. In addition to being a world-renowned smart-phone maker, Motorola also is a major player in the home set-top b ox sector. Why Google plans to buy Motorola mobility? â€Å"Google is moving into hardware, which is very different from what they've done all along,† said Darren Hayes, a computer science professor at Pace University. â€Å"It's very difficult for a company to be able to be a successful software and hardware company.It worked for Apple to be in the hardware and software industries, but not all companies have been that successful. † Google's move toward Apple's close management of software and hardware signals a departure from its previous path and suggests Google may be dissatisfied with its current software licensing arrangements, which have led to the proliferation, but also fragmentation, of its Android mobile operating system. â€Å"Google is moving into hardware, which is very different from what they've done all along,† said Darren Hayes, a computer science professor at Pace University. It's very difficult for a company to be able to be a successful softw are and hardware company. It worked for Apple to be in the hardware and software industries, but not all companies have been that successful. † Google's move toward Apple's close management of software and hardware signals a departure from its previous path and suggests Google may be dissatisfied with its current software licensing arrangements, which have led to the proliferation, but also fragmentation, of its Android mobile operating system.Most directly, the deal marks a defensive maneuver in the high-stakes patent war that has pitted the world's largest technology companies against one another in dozens of drawn-out intellectual property (IP) disputes. Google CEO Larry Page framed the acquisition as a means to protect Google's Android mobile operating system against â€Å"anti-competitive threats† by shoring up his company's arsenal of patents.Analysts agree that Motorola's 17,000 patents and 7,500 patent applications are a major win for Google, which lacks a robus t portfolio of wireless patents relative to more established players and has been vulnerable to lawsuits from the likes of Apple, Microsoft and Oracle. Over forty lawsuits have been filed against Android, and ongoing patent disputes threaten to impose licensing fees on the software Google has given away to phone manufacturers for free, potentially jeopardizing Android's explosive growth. Google is a relatively new entrant in the mobile space and does not have a lot of mobile IP, so anything it can do to build up its IP in the wireless space will help reduce potential risk to the company from lawsuits in the future,† said Ovum analyst Nick Dillon. â€Å"If you look at Motorola's history and role in pioneering mobile communications from the very start, you'll see they have some really key patents that will be useful to Google. † Yet patents are only part of the story, experts say. The acquisition suggests that Google sees itself as unable to adequately compete in the mobi lity market without its own handset manufacturer.Google's bet is that having greater control over smartphone software and hardware will help it move beyond the desktop and beyond search. Owning Motorola will allow Google, more than ever before, to create mobile devices that satisfy the web giant's vision for what cellphones and tablets should be able to do. A new breed of Motorola smart-phones could be designed from the ground up to integrate Google products at every turn, from featuring the Google-plus social network to adding near field communication chips that allow cell-phones to be substituted for credit cards via Google Wallet.Fundamentally, Motorola offers Google a bridge from the digital to the physical world, and with it, a means of gaining valuable information about its users, such as their locations or what applications they use the most. Though Google said that it will continue to license its Android software, its mobile strategy will cease being at the mercy of third-pa rty handset manufacturers like HTC and Samsung. Instead, Google will able to dictate the price, distribution and features of its own line of devices. Google also stands to bolster its efforts to gain inroads into the living room by preading to TVs. Google TV, which was unveiled lat year but was unable to gain much traction, may stand a better chance when paired with Motorola's set-top box offerings. Until now, Google has been essentially hands off when it comes to hardware: it has offered its Android software to manufacturers at zero cost, without a having a say in the form of the phones Android will power. This disruptive and unorthodox strategy has allowed Google to gain enormous market share in very little time, overtaking Apple to claim 48 percent of the global smart-phone market, according to Canalys.To some extent, quality has been sacrificed for quantity as Android has expanded to more than 150 million devices made by more than thirty different manufacturers. Google frequentl y updates its Android software, but app developers, manufacturers and carriers are not always able to keep up, resulting in a proliferation of different versions of the Android operating system offering a range of experiences for users. Depending on Google's relationship with the handset manufacturer, or the manufacturer's approach to upgrades, a consumer could purchase a smart-phone running outdated software, straight out of the box.Not all Android apps perform equally on different versions of the software, an issue that has been a source of frustration for users and developers alike. Google's new approach — controlling the smart-phone experience from end-to-end — mirrors the vertical-integration strategy Apple has pursed with spectacular success, but one that has lately been a bust for the likes of Nokia and Research in Motion. Nokia, for example, recently ceded its top spot as the world's largest smart-phone vendor to Apple and announced it would retire its Symbian operating system in favor of Microsoft's Windows Phone software.Google is staking billions on its ability to successfully control both the software and hardware components of its company's devices — all while not alienating its partners, who have been instrumental in Android's rise and with whom Google will directly compete once the Motorola acquisition is complete. â€Å"Google has had history of picking favorites, but it's never directly competed with manufacturers,† said Ovum analyst Dillon. â€Å"Manufacturers have come out with statements of support. But what's said in public in one thing, and what's said behind closed doors is another. Benefits of the deal †¢ Google and Motorola Mobility together will accelerate innovation and choice in mobile computing. Consumers will get better phones at lower prices. †¢ Motorola Mobility’s patent portfolio will help protect the Android ecosystem. Android, which is open-source software, is vital to competition in the mobile device space, ensuring hardware manufacturers, mobile phone carriers, applications developers and consumers all have choice. †¢ The purchase of Motorola Mobility by Google has excited some technophiles and alarmed others.The first point of concern, at least from the customer's perspective, is whether or not Motorola's Android smart-phone platform would become the exclusive domain of Google customers. The acquisition certainly puts Android operating systems on better footing as they compete against Apple's iPhone, and with Google's capital resources, more money is sure to pour into Android technology. Following are some reasons why the Google-Motorola deal makes sense: Integration may be all that matters in the wireless industry.Apple’s hardware-software-ecosystem business model brings better profit margins, can grab market share and seems to delight consumers. Google’s Android effort could be a bit like herding cats. The larger question is whether t he vertically integrated model is the only one that works in the wireless industry. Google lands its patent treasure trove. If you consider that Google was going to pay nearly $4 billion for Nortel’s 6,000 wireless patents, $12. 5 billion for Motorola Mobility doesn’t look like a big chunk of change. With Motorola Mobility’s patents, Google can fend off lawsuits.In other words, Google builds out its patent portfolio. On a conference call, Page called out patents as a big reason for the Motorola Mobility acquisition. Google gets a TV play. While Google’s Motorola acquisition primarily revolves around wireless devices, there’s a significant living room play here. Why? Motorola Mobility has a significant set-top box business. In the cable box world, there are two players: Cisco and Motorola Mobility, which is the leader. Google will get significant relationships with cable providers and give Android more of a foothold.There’s a good chance that Google can keep hardware partners in the fold—for now. Page reiterated that Google will keep Android open source and work with partners such as HTC and Samsung. Also keep in mind that this Google-Motorola deal could win it some goodwill with hardware partners. Motorola was thinking about suing other Android hardware makers over patents. Google’s acquisition would put an end to that. The deal forces Microsoft’s hand. When it comes to the art of war, Google and Motorola force Microsoft’s hand a bit.With the Google-Motorola deal, Page is basically acknowledging that there’s no money in third-party operating systems in the mobile space. The upshot: Mobile software players need a hardware component. As a result, Microsoft may be forced to acquire a hardware player. Research in Motion and Nokia are prime takeover candidates. In any case, Microsoft will be distracted by a big acquisition. And Android boxes in Nokia and RIM. With Motorola, which has some enterprise credibility and Android innovations, Google can enter the enterprise easier.As a result, RIM increasingly looks like the odd man out. Nokia is already under fire as it waits for Windows Phone 7 to gain traction. RIM is betting on QNX as an operating system. Google is indicating that the wireless market is a two-platform race. And those two horses are going to be Android and iOS. Challenges of the deal: Google acquisitions may lead to serious channel conflict, it will lead to a direct competition with other hardware partners like Samsung, HTC etc. , and the hardware manufacturing is a very different area with  Google’s core business.The deal raises the following major challenges 1. HTC  and Samsung, two of the leading  Android-based smart-phone makers, feel about the fact that their â€Å"partner†Ã‚  Google  is now competing directly with them for hardware sales. 2. Need to change the perceptions of the Investors that are not perceived the deal in a p ositive way. 3. Management Cultures of Software and hardware companies are almost different it is one of the challenge for the Google while framing the policies that would not reach to management destructions or management failures 4.By this Acquisition Google employee strength would increase by 19000 which eventually decrease the profits of the business. It’s question to the management in effective utilization of man power in value generation. Valuation of the Deal |Swap ratio determination using market value method | |Particulars |Google Motorola | |Market capital |1,71,94,00,00,000 |11,21,00,00,000 | |Equity |46,24,10,00,000 |1,73,20,00,000 | |Market capitalization of the merged entity |1,83,15,00,00,000 | |Share of google |93. 8% | | |Share of mmi | |6. 12% | |Post merger equity of google | |49,25,57,81,959 | |Post merger equity of mmi | |3,01,47,81,959 | |Hence, 1 equity share of google is equal to | |11. 6019003 | |11. 56 of mmi | | | |Market price at the time of de al (august 12) |563. 77 |24. 47 | |Additional premium paid to mmi |280. 8921499 |49. 82% | By this Market Valuation Method this deal is Viable for Google at a premium of 50% Why is Google willing to pay a 63% premium?Google is expecting the following benefits from MMI by this Acquisition. Operational Benefits †¢ Google can Access all the product lines of MMI cell phone, set-top boxes and tablet which are having a very good market share Android software has made considerable inroads in the smartphone market with 150 million devices and 550,000 activations a day. †¢ Now, Google can compete with Global Leader like APPLE in future in hardware and software industry Accounting Benefits †¢ Tax benefit:   Acquiring loss making company by a profit making companyGoogle can make a tax advantage each year till 2019 can utilize the losses. Synergy Expectations: Fragmentation and a Better The Android market is currently heavily fragmented but the developers facing problem for d esigning the applications by this synergy Google will solve this problem by building a better Android OS with a lot of applications. Diversification and Google Vallet: Despite being a little over a decade old Google maintained the same portfolio now this deal brings new business focus hardware products, mobile computing. Invasion of Living RoomThe Google TV user interface that was launched earlier in May, 2011and Motorola is a strong player in the set-top box and home devices market this bid can expand presence of Google TV products into the living room. Patent The mobile computing industry has become a hotbed for patent disputes and thrust in the patent war. Google having about 1,000-odd patents this acquisition gives access to more than 17,000 patents and 7,000 pending patents held by Motorola. Google will now be able to successfully defend itself against a barrage of patent lawsuits filed by Apple, Microsoft and other rivals Hardware and Software synergy (Vertical Integration):Th is results in product efficiency and cost efficiency. Apple secret to become No. 1 Technology Company Integrating hardware and software and the results are iPhone, iPad, and iPod – devices that have become leaders in their respective market segments. Views about the Deal Management View: †¢ Larry Page, CEO of Google, said, â€Å"I look forward to welcoming Motorolans to our family of Googlers. † †¢ Mr. Page said I was â€Å"confident this deal will be approved† by regulators it tremendously beneficial to consumers,† †¢ For consumers, Once Motorola is owned by Google the handset maker could more aggressively ncorporate a technology called Near Field Communications (NFC) that is used for mobile payments and is supported by a version of Google's Android called Gingerbread. †¢ Investors Perception about the Deal †¢ Google: This Adventurous move in entirely different kind of business, one that could destroy its partnerships (and margins ) in one of its most important new Business Lines. Early Investors not perceived the deal in a positive way it results Google stock has gotten smacked in the pre-market. Another fact that could be worrying investors is that the Google-Motorola deal includes a $2. billion reverse break-up fee. †¢ MMI: The Internal Intention of MMI to get separated from its parent company is to get out in a better price and by showing its market growth among its products it got a chance to exit in a premium price leads to huge hike in the stock prices. The official SEC report outlines how Google bid against themselves and paid $4 billion more than the initial high-end target for bidding. The Self-Bidding War In July, Google started by floating the idea of buying Motorola for a high-$20s, low-$30s (per share) figure. On August 1st, an official bid of $30. 0 per share was made. Over the course of the next week and a half, however, Google would make two additional bids – $37. 00 and $40. 00 p er share – representing a full 33 percent increase from their initial offer, or $4 billion extra in total spent. How did Google get into a bidding war when no one else was bidding? It started before Google even made its initial offer. Google's Andy Rubin first approached Motorola in July, looking to purchase the company's patent portfolio. This attempt to expand mobile patent assets stemmed from a failed attempt to acquire Nortel's patent portfolio in April.However, Motorola CEO Sanjay Jha indicated that â€Å"that it could be problematic for Motorola Mobility to continue as a stand-alone entity if it sold a large portion of its patent portfolio,† according to the SEC filing. This prompted Google to look at buying the whole company rather than just its patents. Google then floated a low-$30s bid as an initial cap. On August 1, Google â€Å"sent a letter to the Motorola Mobility Board of Directors proposing an acquisition of Motorola Mobility by Google for $30. 00 in c ash per share. † Motorola has approximately 299 million shares currently, so that bid equated to $9 billion.In response, Motorola brought on Quatalyst Partners, an independent investment bank. It was a Quatalyst representative who contacted Google on August 5 and suggested a bid of $43. 50 per share – or a total bid of approximately $13 billion total, according to  the New York Times. Google upped their bid to $37. 00 per share ($11 billion), but continued to push for a fast and confidential buy. Motorola and Quatalyst leveraged Google's intensity by declining the second bid and suggesting â€Å"a proposed price of $40. 50 or higher. † Google made the offer of $40. 00 per share, or $11. 96 billion.Added to the additional options and awards (approximately 29 million shares with alternate sources or pricing), we come to $12. 5 billion – our final figure. Did Google Overpay? From the moment the $12. 5 billion figure was released, analysts called the purchas e an inflated buy, and the realization that Google's initial cap would have been would have been closer to $9. 4 billion just affirmed that notion. After all, $40. 00 per share was a 63 percent increase when compared with Motorola's last after-market trading value. But Google wasn't just buying a company. More than anything, Google was buying patent protection.In the world of mobile, manufacturers are already signing patent licenses with Microsoft that cost $5 to $12 per unit, fighting battles against Apple, and Google themselves are involved in their biggest lawsuit yet with Oracle. In total, these lawsuits and licensing fees may cost Google and their partners billions of dollars, which explains why Google is willing to pay an inflated price. Google was also buying Motorola's silence: They didn't want to get involved in a bidding war with competitors who could then use Motorola's patents against Android. By bidding against themselves, they removed the incentive to open the floor to public bids.It was an expensive move, but one that offered important legal protections and access to hardware technology in a key industry. Suggestions: †¢ Key factors that we feel need to implement in order to make this deal successful Google need to strengthen the following segments that creates synergy in value positioning. †¢ Management Efficiency: Focus on stretegy that make effective use of newly added 19000 manpower †¢ Patent Efficiency: First 17000 and plus remaining 7500 patents been used in new technology creation need by the market space †¢ Cost Efficiency: Strict Implementation of control mechanisms over the business. Profit Maximization: This was the ultimate objective of this acquisition if Google implemented all the strategies as per mentioned in this case it has more possibility to reduce the chances of failure of the deal. Can achieve its targeted mile stone Conclusion The concept of saving money by making a product or performing an activity in a better way is nothing but cost efficiency. So with the help of this project we can conclude that cost efficiency helps in increasing profits of the business organization.Cost efficiency improves the standard of an organization and makes it more competitive in today’s business world. Most importantly, with the help of this theory of cost efficiency a company can preserve its resources and more obviously can use it in its future. Cost efficiency also helps in reducing wastage in organization. This leads to earning of more profit and less cost expenses. On the other hand, a business or a firm or an organization faces many problems due to improper use of cash held with them. In other word, it is also said as facing the consequences of cost inefficiency.Organizations have different range of problems than their larger counterparts, due to their inability to enjoy some of the same advantages in the marketplace. Most of these problems are due to revenue and cash-on-hand availabilit y when the bills come due. But confronting these obstacles before they become a headache can help you to prevent them from becoming a major issue for your company through the study of cost efficiency. In case of Google purchasing Motorola mobility Huge Experts have been watching the current scenario what will be the Google’s next step, how efficiently will manage this Hardware product line.How effectively use these synergies if this synergy became successful Google will reach to the sudden highs in a short span of time can became the competitor to the Market leader Apple. Now, Google can compete with Global Leader like APPLE in future in hardware and software industry. Well, up till now Google have faced less consequences as the employees of the Google Inc. have being studying cost expenses and try to reserve its resources and patents. Bebliography and webliography List of website:- www. mba. com www. marketing. about. com www. ehow. com www. ebrd. com

Two Kinds of Response to the Challenges of the XX Century: Freud’s Pessimism versus Camus’ Optimism

Early 20th century was a time when European civilization found itself in a deep crisis. That was a â€Å"good old world† of progress and orderliness in the late 19th century crashed down in the flame of the First World War. European thinkers had to face a dramatic question: whether Europe is still existing and whether its ideals of humanism and enlightenment are still sought-after, or its previous aspiration to the perfect world were in vain? Naturally this question was being answered both in pessimistic and optimistic light. In this paper I will attempt to analyze these two concepts, using Freud’s Civilization and Its Discontents as an example of pessimism and Camus’ Plague as example of optimism. At that I am going to argue that both pessimistic and optimistic approach attempted to discover latent natural aspects of human nature. The difference was only in the attitude towards these aspects. Freud’s work can be distinctively separated into two great periods: before and after the WWI. In the first period he explored the optimistic desire of life, pleasure and reproduction that he called Eros. In the second period he became interested in the desire of death and killing that he called Thanatos. Most basically, he attempted to explain what does mankind exist for, and in the Civilization and Its Discontents he finally melancholically observed that â€Å"The question of the purpose of human life has been raised countless times; it has never received a satisfactory answer and perhaps does not admit of one. † (Freud 51). In contrast to Freud’s runaround, Camus does answer the question, or, better to say, offers two answers. The first one is given by the people before the Plague: â€Å"Their chief interest is in commerce, and their chief aim in life is, as they call it, ‘doing business. † (Camus 2). The second one is given after the Plague has come: â€Å"if there is one thing one can always yearn for and sometimes attain, it is human love. † (Camus 298). In Camus novel the Plague does not certainly mean war, this is rather a disaster that makes people unite in their new understanding of life values. But what makes people change in the disaster and what are the motivations that cause them to change? Freud sees a dramatic conflict between civilization and human nature. In order to become â€Å"civilized† and make use of the benefits of civilization people have to oppress their own nature and â€Å"civilization, therefore, obtains mastery over the individual's dangerous desire for aggression by weakening and disarming it and by setting up an agency within him to watch over it, like a garrison in a conquered city. † (Freud 119). Yet those hidden inclinations never disappear and explode like an overheated steam boiler as soon as civilization control weakens in such situations as war or distress. Then people are no longer driven by rules, but by instincts, including desire to deaden and die, that tragically prevails over desire to live and give life. Camus agrees with Freud and also pays outstanding attention to relations between civilized human individual and the world of natural instincts. He notes that â€Å"what's natural is the microbe. All the rest-heath, integrity, purity (if you like)-is a product of the human will, of a vigilance that must never falter†. (Camus 253). Yet the book does not include much descriptions of any behavior that Freud would call â€Å"natural†. There are few scenes of cruelty, bit most of the men stay men like guards at the gates who are not interested in the plague at all and can easily be bribed to let a man leave the affected city. Life continues even in the times of plague and instinctive behavior is not demonstrated as soon as may be, but only in the most stressing situations. A habit to be civilized still prevails in the Plague. Freud is unable to find a way out of this conflict and his late confessions like â€Å"readiness for a universal love of mankind and the world represents the highest standpoint which man can reach† (Freud 91) sound futile and unrelated to the subject matter. In contrast to this, his conclusion that â€Å"One feels inclined to say that the intention that man should be ‘happy' is not included in the plan of ‘Creation. † (Freud 53) seems to tally up the entire Freud’s work. The more people tend to become good and orderly, the worse shall be the following explosion of the â€Å"steam boiler†. Human nature is unchangeable and wild for Freud. Camus idea of the role of instinctive side of human nature is different. Men are good after all, and even their instincts can be enjoyable. One of the last scenes of the novel occurs on the seashore. The author and a friend of him go swimming symbolically both cleaning themselves from plague and returning to natural roots of their personality. Unknown† and â€Å"uncontrolled† dies not surely mean â€Å"bad† for Camus. A disaster does reveal the hidden, it strips individual personalities to reveal their most suppressed inclinations, but who said that those inclinations are always bad? â€Å"What we learn in time of pestilence: that there are more things to admire in men than to despise† (Camus 306) concludes Camus. Such â€Å"optimism without hope† did give hope to the ruined Eu rope.