Approaches to management and leadership Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 2500 words

Approaches to management and leadership - Essay Example Western notions of leadership and management are distinct as to say that these compel tasks to be done by hook or by crook. For that, Western approaches to management have always been strictly based upon certain principles. The primary objective that includes all those principles is the objective of economic gain. Financial stability or the policy called Laisez Faire has always been on the forefront of promoting business by any means. In achieving this purpose, the workers or the employees are considered to be a means towards an end. In the Marxist point of view, the employees are next to commodities that are extensively used to generate revenue (Kumar & Ghosh, pp. 2-4, 2003). Whether we talk about the 19th Century when agricultural society was transforming into an industrial society or we talk about the contemporary world, the Western approaches have always been alike. Earlier, in the Western society, employees were treated a little less than human and were merely considered as mean s. Western philosophers and theorists like Plato, Machiavelli, Karl Marx, John Adair and many others have proposed certain theories that are applied to the Western management approaches and concepts. The theories like situational, trait and contingency theories are inculcated in the leadership concepts and these advocate that leaders have the mandate to use power and control over the manipulation of circumstances or adapt certain traits that they think are required in the present situation and that enhance their skills. Experts suggest that the approach towards leadership in the Western parameter revolves around certain traits that are utterly distinctive and differentiate the Western writers from the Eastern concepts. These characteristics are goal orientation, at first. Western leadership approach tend to direct itself to a certain prescribed goal while having multiples of these, however, Eastern theorists do not tend to think that having one single goal in mind can work in the lo ng run but a leader is one who has to manage multiple tasks together. Secondly, the concept of leadership in the West also stresses upon the characteristic of one-on-one relations. As mentioned earlier, the leader has more than merely a cursory view of the work that the subordinates assume. Moreover, the individual concerns get individual and formal time rather than incorporating them in a socialized gathering. Thirdly, Western approach bases there results on a short-term level; they are indeed goal oriented but they tend to achieve a single goal at a certain point in time and attain there short-term prospective before moving forward. Rationalism and a logical attitude is the final characteristic that defines the Western arena of leadership. The Western leadership concept tries to base all its step, methods and procedures on appropriate reasoning rather than on emotional grounds. Marx argues that the people in the managerial position are in control of the means of production of the organization and thus are not liable to any one. He analyzed that they have the power and thus, they exploit the subordinates in order to make a task done and meet the goals of the organization. Moreover, the theorist also cites that these are the people who are in close contact with the owners who gratuitously rely upon them as making and breaking of policies for the organization since they are considered as the best skilled people for this job. Thus, the overall control comes in handy to the managers who try to perpetuate the school of thought, which they have already learned from their learning institutes (Kumar & Ghosh, pp. 73-74, 2003). One major thing that separates the Eastern concepts of management and leadership from those of the Western

Contract Law - the Rules of Offer and Acceptance Case Study

Contract Law - the Rules of Offer and Acceptance - Case Study Example According to Chen-Wishart, a contract is a â€Å"promise (or agreement) which is enforced (recognized by the law†. Bhana, Bonthuys, and Nortje state that â€Å"Contracts are agreements between parties who have the intention to create legal rights and duties between them and which are legally binding upon the parties.†   Therefore, in order for a contract to exist it is necessary for the involved parties to have the intention to enter into contractual relations with the other party and express that intention in a legal manner.   A contract consists of the following elements: An Offer; an Acceptance in strict compliance with the terms of the offer; Legal Purpose/Objective; Mutuality of Obligation – also known as the â€Å"meeting of the minds†; Consideration and Competent Parties. Considering the case under analysis, the author shall focus on the first two elements: offer and acceptance. - â€Å"The first requisite of any contract is an agreement.†   An agreement is formed of offer and acceptance. Therefore, in order for the parties to reach an agreement, there must be an offer and acceptance. - â€Å"An offer is an undertaking by the offeror made with the intention that it will bind the offeror as soon as it is accepted by the offeree (the person to whom it is addressed†Ã‚   The binding force of an offer in case of its acceptance is confirmed by the definitions given by other authors, such as Bhana, Bonthuys and Nortje (2009, 25), who specify that a valid offer is â€Å"an invitation by one party to create obligations with another party, which obligations will become legally binding upon the acceptance by the other party†. An offer can be made whether orally, in writing or by conduct. An offer contains the following: - â€Å"a proposal of the terms of the exchange; - an intimation of willingness to be bound as soon as the offeree manifests acceptance. An offer puts the offeror on risk: it confers a power on the offeree to bind the offeror at the precise moment of acceptance; thereafter, the offeror loses his ability to withdraw from or further negotiate the arrangement.†

Overview of Bones in the Human Body

Overview of Bones in the Human Body The skull is the top of the skeleton and consists of the cranium and mandible. The cranial part of the skull is composed of separate bones united at immobile joints called sutures. These sutures are held by sutural ligaments. The skull is made of compact bone, covered with periosteum, and a layer of diploe. The mandible is connected to the cranium by a synovial joint called the temporomandibular joint. The cranium houses the brain and supports the face. The number of bones in the skull totals 22. The skull bones can be divided into two groups. The bones of the cranium and facial. The five bones of the cranium consist of one frontal, two parietal, one occipital, two temporal, one sphenoid, and one ethmoid bone. The facial bones consist of two zygomatic bones, two maxillae, two nasal bones, two lacrimal bones, one vomer, two palatine bones, two Inferior conchae, and one mandible. In the thoracic cage we have the lateral ribs, costal cartilages, dorsal thoracic vertebrae, sternum, and the xiphoid. The thoracic cavity protects the heart and lungs. This cage also supports the shoulder girdles and upper limbs and attached you will find the neck, chest, and Skeletons and Bones   PG 2. muscles. The sternum or breastbone has three fused bones. We have 12 ribs total. The ribs are either floating ribs or true ribs. The true ribs 1-7 are attached to the sternum. Ribs 8-10 are considered false ribs. The ribs 11-12 are considered floating ribs and do not attach to the sternum. The scapula is a flat, triangular bone which articulates laterally with the clavicle and with the humerous. We have two identical pairs. The clavicles are a pair of long bones that connect the scapula to the sternum. The clavicles are cylindrical bones around 6 inches long. They are located in the thoracic region superior and anterior to the first rib. Each clavicle runs transversely and forms a joint with the sternum on its medial end and the scapula on its lateral end. (Bones: structure and mechanics, Pg. 47) The clavicles, along with the scapulae, form the pectoral girdle that attaches the bones of the arm to the trunk. The sternoclavicular joints are the only bony attachments between the pectoral girdles and the bones of the axial skeleton. Several muscles of the neck and shoulder also attach to the clavicle, including the pectoralis major, sternocleidomastoid, trapezius, and deltoid. The vertebra column consists of 33 vertebrae. The first 24 vertebra are articulating vertebrae, seven cervical, 12 thoracic, five lumbar, and the lower nine are fused. Then following we have five fused in the sacrumand four in the coccyx. The spinal canal protects the spinal cord. The human vertebral column is the backbone or spine, consisting of thirty three in total. The vertebra are small bones forming the backbone and they have a hole through which the spinal cord passes. The ilium is the uppermost and largest part of the hip bone. This bone is wide, flat, and provides attachment points.   The curved ischium forms the lower and back part of the hip bone. This bone is below the ilium and behind the pubis. The superior portion of this Skeleton and Bones    PG 3. bone forms approximately one third of the acetabulum. The body rests on these bones while in sitting position. The pubic bone is the ventral and anterior of the three bones which make up half of the pelvis. The pubic bone is covered the mons pubis. There is a superior ramus and an inferior ramus noted.The pubis is the lowest and most anterior portion of the hip bones of the pelvis. The pubic symphysis, is where the two hip bones of the pelvis are fused together. The humerus is the upper arm long bone, it extends from shoulder to elbow. The proximal end has a smooth round head that articulates with scapula. The cylindrical shaped humerus has two rounded processes called the greater and lesser tubercles. The distal end of the humerus has two articulating surfaces, the trochlea which articulates with the ulna and the capitulum, which articulates with the radius at the elbow. The ulnais a long bone located on the opposite side of the forearm from the thumb. It attaches to the humerus on the larger end and joins with the carpal bones of the hand at its smaller end. It lies medially and parallel to theradius.The forearm has two large bones, the radius and the ulna, of which the radius is the larger bone. The radius is located on the lateral side of the forearm between the elbow and the wrist joints.   The pectoral girdle is the skeletal framework that provides attachment for the scapulas and clavicles.The Pelvic Girdle is composed of 2 hip bones and sacrum. The talus bone, astragalus, or ankle bone is one of the group of foot bones known as the tarsus. The tarsus forms the lower part of the ankle through its articulations with the lateral and medial malleoli of the two bones of the lower leg, the tibia and fibula. The tarsus transmits the entire weight of the body to the foot. The calcaneus or heel bone is a bone of the tarsus of the foot which constitutes the Skeleton and Bones   PG 4. heel. The metatarsal bones, or metatarsus are five long bones in the foot, located between the tarsal bones of the hind- and mid-foot and the phalanges of the toes. (Fundamentals of Anatomy Physiology) The metatarsal bones are numbered from the medial side: the first, second, third, fourth, and fifth metatarsal. A tarsal is considered one of the seven bones of the tarsus. The metacarpals are long bones within the hand that are connected to the carpals, or wrist bones, and to the phalanges, or finger bones. The tops of the metacarpals form the knuckles where they join to the wrist. On the palm side, they are covered with connective tissue. There are eight small carpel bones that sit between the distal ends of the radius and ulna. They have five metacarpals. The size of these metacarpals vary and have different shapes. The phalanges are digital long bones found in the hands and feet. There are generally three noted, distal, middle, and proximal for each digit. The only exception the thumbs and large toes. The fibula is a leg bone located on the lateral side of the tibia, with which it is connected above and below. It is the smaller of the two lower leg bones and the slenderest of all the long bones. The tibia is the larger and stronger of the two lower leg bones and it connects the knee with the ankle bones. The tibia is found on the medial side of the leg next to the fibula. It is the second largest bone in the human body next to the femur. The patella is a circular-triangular bonewhich articulates with the femur and covers the anterior articular surface of the knee joint. The femur articulates with the acetabulumin the pelvic bone forming the hip joint, while the distal part of the femur articulates with the tibia and patella forming the knee joint. The femur is the strongest bone in the body. 1. Briefly identify and discuss the microscopic structures of compact bone Skeleton and Bones    PG 5. Compact bone contains rigid organs that form parts of the endoskeleton. Compact bone assist the body to move, supports it, and protects organs. Compact bone produces red and white blood cells and store minerals. The cortical bone is one of the two types of osseous tissue that form bones. Cortical bone is often most prominent in the human femur and tibia. The outer layer is dense and forms the shaft of the long bones. Compact bone is made up of concentric layers of mineral deposits surrounding a central opening. The cylindrical shaped osteon is the main structure that makes the outer layer of bones hard. They typically run parallel.   The cortical bone is considered approximately 80% of mature bone.   Each unit is generally made up of the Haversian canal, Volkmanns canals, osteocytes, and canalulis. (Bones structure and mechanics, Pg. 212) Compact bone contains a central canal, called the Haversian canal, along with concentric layers of bone called interstitial lamellae. The Haversian canal is actually surrounded with rings of lamellae. Lamellae are made up of bone matrix, collagen fibers, and mineral crystals. Interstitial lamellae are contained in the spaces between osteons. Cancellous or spongy bone has less strength than compact bone and within the Haversian canal is composed of a layer of endosteum. This connective tissue is rich in nerve fibers and blood vessels. Blood cells within the canal carry nutrients and waste to and away from the outer layer of the bone. These systems of canals and lamellae are also called osteons. Spongy bone is hollow and appears like a sponge. They contain thin spicules are known as trabeculae. In between these cavities you will find red or yellow bone.  Volkmanns canals are small channels in the bone that transmit blood vessels from the periosteum into the bone and these canals provide energy and nourish osteons. Trabecular bone is another name for spongy Skeleton and Bones    PG 6. bone and can be found at the ends of long bones. (Haversian system, Pg. 12) Long bones is most of the appendicular skeleton. The ends of the long bones are epiphysis, its shaft is called the diaphysis. The surroundings or periphery of the epiphysis and diaphysis are made up of compact bone. In between long bones are epiphyseal plates and this is the region where bone growth occurs. The long bone is covered of the fibrous sheath called periosteum. The periosteum protects the bone and allows it to attach to other bones.

14 Elements Of A Successful Safety & Health Program :: essays research papers

Element 1: Hazard Recognition, Evaluation and Control. Establishing and maintaining safe and healthful conditions required indenifing hazards, evaluating their pontential effects, developing ways to eliminate or control them and planning action priorities.This process is the essence of successful safety and health management. Element 2:Workplace Design and Engineering Safety and health issues are most easily and economically addressed when facilities, processes and equipment are being designed. Organizations must incorporate safety into workplace design, production processes and selection.They also need to evaluate and modify or replace exisiting processes, equipment and facilities to make them safer. We explore how the design and function of the workplace can complement safety and health goals, minimize exposure to hazards and promote safe practices. Element 3: Safety Performance Management As in all areas of operations, standards must be set for safety performance. They should reflect applicable regulatory requirements, additional voluntary guidelines and best business practices. We describe how managers, supervisors and employees can be made responsible and held accountable for meeting standards within their control. We look at how job performance appraisals can reflect performance in safety and health, as well as in other areas. Element 4: Regulatory Compliance Management The Occupational Safety and Health Administration (OSHA), the Mine Safety and Health Administration (MSHA) and state safety and health agencies establish and enforce safety and health regulations.Other agencies, such as the Environmental Protection Agency, also issue and enforce regulations relating to safety and health in the United States. We discuss key aspects of international regulations in the European Union, Canada and Mexico. Staying informed about and complying with regulations are essential goals of safety and health programs.We also look briefly at conducting regulatory compliance inspections. Element 5: Occupational Health Occupational health programs range from the simple to the complex. At a minimun, such programs address the immediate needs of injured or ill employees by providing first aid and responce to emergencies. More elaborate medical services may incude medical surveillance programs and provision for an in-house medical capability. In addition, some companies are beginning to focus on off-the-job safety and health through employee wellness and similar programs. ELEMENT 6: Information Collection Safety and health activities, including inspections, record keeping, industrial hygine surveys and other occupational health assessments, injury/illness/incident investigations and performance reviews, produce a large quantity of data. Safety and health professionals must collect and analyze this data. Small incidents often provide early warning of more serious safety or health problems. Complete and accurate records can be used to identify hazards, measure safety performance and improvement, and through analyses, help identify patterns. ELEMENT 7: Employee Involvement Design and engineering controls are limited in their ability to reduce hazards. Companies now understand that their real

Synopsis: Computer and Online Hotel Management

Many companies experienced the impact of new technologies in the 1980s and early 1990s. It has recently been realized that the technologies are converging, raising more primary skill and resourcing. Technology while still de-skill a large number of jobs. The emphasis has shifted from people with technical staff to use sophisticated computer technology and display high levels of customer service (Nuseibe, 2010). The main purpose of this research is to facilitate customer orders online selection, online bill payments and facilitate customers by offering fast order delivery. All data management due to centralized data effectively.The system will provide quick access in an easy to obtain the necessary information about the current state of the restaurant. The state will tell you about different deals offered by the restaurant. Different types of data are provided by the generation of reports that help in making decisions on the basis of these reports. Objective The main objective of deve loping the proposed system is to facilitate the customer by the easy accessibility and convenience, the user interface will so easy to use that customers can place orders, and can go through hotel information online 24 / 7.Review of Literature Al-Ahmad (2006) recognized that Object-Oriented Pprogramming (OOP) can be explained as a model for building software. In OOP, a program execution is considered a physical model, simulating either a real or imaginary part of the world. In OOP, concepts in the classification (things, behavior, relationships, etc. ) and real phenomena (special cases of aircraft, flight, security stocks, etc. ) are represented as classes and objects, respectively, in the model of computer system.In OOP, key concepts are modeled as classes that are ordered hierarchically so that a new class (subclass) is generally defined based on a given class (super class) using inheritance. Dhamayanthi and Thangavel (2006) adopted the framework. NET is a set of products for the development and management of systems with tiered architectures and object oriented. A framework generally include several design patterns is too . NET, The Assist patterns composing the frame architecture suitable for many different applications without redesign. An additional advantage is that the framework recognizes the design pattern you use.This paper is intended to present . NET versions for selected structural patterns. With the seven structural patterns discussed by Gang of Four (GOF), five are discover with the help of . NET framework. Gogolla et al. (2007) stated that Unified Modeling Language (UML) It provides significant today as a standard for software development. UML tools however provide light support for model validation and inspection in the early stages of development. Nor is there significant support for the Object Constraint Language (OCL). We present an approach for the support of UML models and OCL constraints based on animation and documentation.The purpose tool (UML-based environment under) supports analysts, designers and developers in executing UML models and OCL constraints examination and therefore allows them to employ model-based techniques for software decision. Thomas et al. (2008) said the structured query language (SQL) is a language used with interactive usual relational databases. A SQL statement is a unit of execution that returns a single result set from a database. An exhibition is the result of a software glitch that gives an attacker access to a computer system involuntary.SQLIV allow entry attacker to modify SQL structure via a SQL injection attack (SQLIA), which changes the logic of the SQL statement. An attack is a sequence of actions that exploit the vulnerability, often with devastating consequences. A SQLIA is a SQL injection attempt characters and / or keywords in the entrance of a SQL statement to modify the structure of the statement Koopmann (2009) explained that a word of caution with new unseen index funct ion to be attentive to the other indexes created or changed without your knowledge invisible.If you have to watch over SQL index structures which now have to add checking this column visibility or else you will not see the full picture of the indexes that are being maintained by DML but do not contribute to the seleactivity. This could become a nightmare for hidden applications when doing a lot of insertion, updating or deletion. Farooq (2010) reported that The Unified Modeling Language (UML) is an Object Management Group. Object-oriented. Modeling information standard. it consists of a set of notations for modeling systems diversity of viewpoints and at different levels of generalization.While the UML reflects some of the best models Object-oriented modeling experiences presented, there is a lack of semantic precision that is essential whether to use the notations to exactly model systems to cause severe and on the models. Zaveri and Hammerstrom (2010) discribed (SQL) Structured Qu ery Language that is used to match the database middleware on these classes and modules database applications are one of the largest domain software and most important in the world. Some of the classes or modules in such applications are responsible for database operations.SQL is used to exchange a few words with the database middleware on these classes or modules. It can be issued interactively or attached to a host language. The objective of this work is expected to software development defects in PL / SQL SQL files using metrics. Based on actual project data desert, The SQL metrics are empirically validated by analyzing its association with the probability of error detection through PL / SQL files. Ruparelia (2010) explained a web application server assistances a standard HTTP web server applications from a standard Web server to perform a vvariety of tasks, such as form processing and database access.The predominant Web application server for the popular open source Apache Web s erver is PHP (PHP Hypertext Prepprocessor). This document provides an overview of the PHP pprogramming language and its important functionality, including form testing and database access. The paper also discusses campus applications of PHP, including campus service projects, a field of computer science in the development of web applications and student projects. Liu (2010) said it is a popular result premise SQL database that can’t transmit recursive queries, such as skill range; in fact, a new building was added to SQL3 to overcome this limitation.However, the indication of this state is usually given in the form of a reference to the evidence that relational algebra can’t express such queries. SQL, on the other hand, in all its implementations has three aspects that differ fundamentally from relational algebra: namely, grouping, arithmetic operations, and aggregation. Allison (2011) reported that development is an object-oriented analysis and software design approac h where system designers assume in terms of† things† instead of operations and variables. This involves designing object classes and relations between these classes.A class module is an â€Å"idea† that provides a model for the attributes and services that the object is. An object is an occurrence of the class module. Materials and Methods There are many problems in the manual system, because this system of web-based information is entered and also able to know the data is maintained in the computer system. There are many ways through which can be developed software application. All business organizations so that you can easily recover, and the management system database is useful for these tasks. Reduced time consumption by using computerized systems.This is responsible for these tasks. Tabular data will be manipulated by giving orders (Sharifian, et al. 2011). The graphical user interface will be used as the front end, and developed in PHP or ASP. SQL server is used for background design, storage and handling of data. Different reports are generated as required. Data redundancy is removed by the SQL server (Rao and Babu, 2009). The method will be used water fall in the hotel management system. In the waterfall process method includes the identification and selection of projects, project initiation and planning, analysis, design, implementation and maintenance.In the first phase of the information needs of the system will be identified. After the first phase the gantt chart will be developed as a timeline for the determination of the task in the project initiation and planning phase. During analysis phase the investigation will be carried out, including the exchange of ideas on software, which will be going to be and what purpose will be fulfilled. Then, the logical design phase information system will be designed for the user interface. The interface plays an important role in connecting the user with the system.

My First Car gave me a wealth of experiences

In the life of each American, one of the important points that symbol coming of age is the purchase of the first vehicle. This car becomes the starting points of one’s adulthood, giving one the freedom to move around, pick up friends, and expanding the boundaries of one’s environment. My first car gave me a wealth of experiences, most of them connected with pleasant memories. It was a used Fleetwood Cadillac. Although not the most luxurious car one can dream of because of its age, it was a faithful and nice-looking companion that took me to a lot of interesting places. The car was of 1992 make, the last year when Cadillac produced Generation IV Fleetwoods. It was a four-door sedan with an FF C-body platform. My model had a 4.5 L HT-4500 V8 engine, not bad for the time and indicating that it was a luxury car. At the time when it was produced, it was a bargain compared to other luxury cars, especially those of the European make. Today, however, it does not seem as good as other models that are newer and more advanced from the technological point of view. When I got it, however, it was about six years old and still could run for a few more years. I had relatively little problem with repairs, except one time when I ran into an accident through my own folly. Faithful, as I said before, meant to me that I could safely use it for a long time without going too much to the shop, something that frustrates me as it takes up a lot of time. The look was good, too, and the interior felt comfortable. The car was spacious, and this is what I prefer about automobiles that I drive. A car can be elegant and stylish, but if it is too small and friends are crowded when a bunch of four gets inside, it is too small for my tastes. My Fleetwood Cadillac could pick up a crowd of four or even five friends and roar us off to a party or wherever we wanted to go, and everybody was comfortable and enjoying the ride. The inside had been renovated just before I bought it, so I did not have to worry about it. It was done in hushed up, beige and white colors, reassuring without being provocative. The gamut also gave the car a feeling of style and elegance and even underscored its luxury format. This car was with me for three years. It took me to dates, to parties, to school, and later to college. I liked it partly because people liked it – they liked to see me drive by in a good-looking, long vehicle with slightly tinted windows and a shapely form. In a year, I has my Cadillac painted beige, the color that increased the look of elegance. It still looked and felt relatively new, which was why I was reluctant to change it. Being with one car for several years somehow gave me a sense of stability at a time when my life was experiencing sharp swings that are so naturally associated with young age. In a drastic change of environments as I switched from school to college, the car remained with me as a manifestation of my commitment to an old friend. It also saw me through a series of rapid changes in my love life and a string of meetings and partings. Every day, I felt safe knowing that I would open the garage doors and slip into my old friend, starting off to the challenges of this day. A year later, my parents decided to make me a present for my birthday, choosing a newer Toyota model for me. I was excited about their decision as I felt that sooner or later I would have to replace my Cadillac, but at the same time the feeling of departure from my long-time companion saddened me quite a bit. I was able to sell it at a good price, but somehow I still miss its feeling of space and comfort that engulfed me the moment I got inside. To me, this car came to mean my high school and student youth, and I can still see it in the pictures we took at that time. A faithful friend and a good comrade, it was with me in an important period of my life, taking me places and broadening the scope of my experience.